<p>The John F. Cance House at 807 W. Ridge Ave. in Galesville, Wisconsin was built in 1908.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>The house was designed by architect G.H. Carsley. Carsley was a member of the architect Cass Gilberts office in St. Paul from 1896 to 1906 and possibly longer; though the house was not necessarily associated with Gilberts firm, its progressive design is typical of the office.</p><br>
<p>The house has a separate carriage house, which contributes to its National Register listing. The house is the only prominent Tudor Revival building in Galesville; while its architecture is not considered exceptional in its own right, its uniqueness and connection to the Cass Gilbert office make it historically significant nonetheless.</p><br>
<p>The house&#39;s first owner, John F. Cance, was a prominent banker at the Bank of Galesville. He was a cashier for the bank when the house was built and continued to rise in the bank until he became bank president in 1930, a position he held for 23 years.</p><br>
<p>The Prospect Avenue Historic District encompasses a predominantly residential area in western Hartford and eastern West Hartford, Connecticut. The 300 acre historic district extends along Prospected Street from Albany Avenue to Fern Street, including most of the area between those streets and the Park River to the east, and Sycamore Street and Sycamore Lane to the west. The district includes 240 contributing buildings and 48 non-contributing buildings, most of them residences built between 1880 and 1930. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>Most of the district was laid out on land that originally belonged to Hartfords prominent Goodwin family, a number of whom built houses on large lots near the Park River, in some cases designed by architects who were also members of the extended family. In the early decades of the 20th century, the area attracted a number of Hartfords elites to also build houses in the same area. There are 87 examples of Georgian Revival architecture and 55 examples of Tudor Revival architecture in the district. A few homes are designed in the French Norman Chateau style, and the Craftsman and Prairie Style are each represented by a single building.</p><br>
<p>The Connecticut Governor&#39;s Residence is included in the district as a contributing building. It is located at 990 Prospect Avenue, and is a Georgian Revival, built in 1908. It was designed by Andrews, Jacques and Rantoul, of Boston, and was altered in 1916 (see photo #7 in accompanying photos). and</p><br>
<p>Lake Namakagon  is a large freshwater lake located in the Chequamegon National Forest in northern Wisconsin. The lake derives its name from the Ojibwe language, and it means "Lake abundant with sturgeons." It is known for tourism, fishing, and as the home of the legendary Anishinaabe Chief Namakagon.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>The area around Lake Namakagon was logged heavily during the timber boom years from post-Civil War days through the mid-1920s. The Chicago, Minneapolis, St. Paul, Omaha and Northwestern Railroad arrived nearby in 1880, delivering timber and tourists.Area forests are temperate deciduous forest containing many varieties of coniferous trees, such as white spruce, and other vegetation.</p><br>
<p>From the early 1830s through 1886, a Native American made his home on the lake. Known locally as Chief Namakagon, he became legend as a result of Ashland Daily Press articles about his trading shards of silver for supplies. His secret source for the silver was never discovered and people still search for it today.</p><br>
<p>Logging has given way to tourism as the primary economic driver.</p><br>
<p>The Namakagon River sources from this lake.</p><br>
<h2>Islands in the lake</h2><br>
<p>Natural islands in the lake include:</p><br>
<p>Anderson Island</p><br>
<p>Paines Island</p><br>
<p>Chief Namakagon Island</p><br>
<p>Champagne Island</p><br>
<h2>Fishing</h2><br>
<p>Fish species include bluegill, sunfish, largemouth and smallmouth bass, crappie, northern pike, and walleye. Namakagon is a premier muskellunge lake, and "one of only three lakes in Wisconsin managed as a trophy muskie lake."</p><br>
<h2>Tourist attractions</h2><br>
<p>There are several restaurants and resorts located on Lake Namakagon.</p><br>
<p>The Hune Covered Bridge is a historic wooden covered bridge in the southeastern part of the USA state of Ohio. Located northeast of the community of Dart, it spans the Little Muskingum River in northeastern Lawrence Township in the eastern part of Washington County. Local bridge builder Rollin Meredith erected it in 1879, using the Long Truss style of truss bridge design; the single-span bridge was named for the locally prominent Hune family. Among its design features are a metal roof, abutments of cut stone, and vertical siding. As a Long Truss, the Hune Bridge is a valuable example of nineteenth-century architecture: few examples of this complicated style survive to the present day. In 1976, the Hune Bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, both because of its place in local history and because of its historically significant construction.</p><br>
<p>Immaculate Conception Catholic Church is a parish of the Roman Catholic Church in Celina, Ohio, United States. Founded later than many other Catholic parishes in the heavily Catholic region of western Ohio, it owns a complex of buildings constructed in the early 20th century that have been designated historic sites because of their architecture. Leading among them is its massive church, built in the Romanesque Revival style just 43 years after the first Catholic moved into the city: it has been called northwestern Ohio&#39;s grandest church building.</p><br>
<h2>Parish history</h2><br>
<p>Catholics were active in southern Mercer County by the 1830s; St. John the Baptist parish in Maria Stein and St. Rose parish in St. Rose were established in 1837, and St. Henry parish in St. Henry and St. Joseph parish in St. Joe were also founded before 1840. A parish was formally erected in Celina in 1864 and dedicated to the Immaculate Conception.</p><br>
<p>With the creation of the parish, more Catholics were attracted to Celina; the parish grew to the point that a church building was needed, and the Archbishop of Cincinnati, John Baptist Purcell, came to Celina to lay the cornerstone on August 3, 1864. Members subscribed to the building fund throughout that year and the following; it was completed in November 1865, and Joseph Dwenger dedicated it on December 8, 1865. This building was a brick structure, measuring approximately 40 ft by 60 ft; it cost $7,000 to build. However, the parish continued to grow, and a building fund for a new edifice was started in 1899. Construction of the replacement church building began in the following year, and it was dedicated in 1903 at a cost of $52,000. In the early twentieth century, it was widely considered the finest church building in all of northwestern Ohio, and decades later, its architecture still dominates all of downtown Celina.</p><br>
<p>Since the parish&#39;s earliest years, members of the Missionaries of the Precious Blood have provided pastoral care for the members; Dwenger was a member of this society, as were the other five priests who served there in its first decade. The first priest to live in Celina was Theopistus Wittmer, who arrived in 1876; the members acquired a small frame house to use as a rectory. A convent was built in 1879 to house the first of the Sisters of the Precious Blood, who came in that year to teach at the parish school; it was replaced by a larger structure in 1949, located northeast of the rest of the buildings related to the parish.</p><br>
<p>Today, Immaculate Conception continues to be an active parish in the Archdiocese of Cincinnati. It is clustered with Our Lady of Guadalupe parish in Montezuma and St. Theresa, Little Flower of Jesus parish in Rockford; all three churches are part of the St. Marys Deanery.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<h3>Church</h3><br>
<p>The church itself is a large brick building constructed in the shape of a Greek cross; it was designed by Andrew DeCurtins of Lima and built under the supervision of John Burkhart of Kenton. A Romanesque Revival structure erected in 1903, it is centered on a large bronze dome. Worshippers may enter the building through its eastern end; the facade is pierced by three large doorways and a massive rose window. Capping the facade are two square towers; each one includes an octagonal belfry and is topped with a smaller bronze dome. Inside, the church is heavily decorated; many of the walls feature paintings, and the altar is distinctly Romanesque in its style. The entire building rests on a stone foundation with a basement.</p><br>
<p>Architectural historians have grouped the Precious Blood-related churches of far western Ohio into four different generations: the first, composed primarily of small log buildings from the first years of settlement until 1865; the second, composed of moderately sized brick churches built between 1865 and 1885; the third, composed mostly of large High Gothic Revival churches with massive towers constructed from 1885 to 1905; and the fourth, composed of churches built between 1905 and 1925 in a wide range of styles. Immaculate Conception&#39;s place at the end of the third generation is significant: its Romanesque Revival style is atypical of that period and much more common in the fourth generation that would soon arise, putting it in somewhat of a transitional place between the third and fourth generations.</p><br>
<h3>Rectory</h3><br>
<p>Located immediately west of the church, the Immaculate Conception rectory is a large square three-story brick house. It is the third residence to serve as the parish&#39;s rectory: members bought a frame house near the church in 1876, and after a new school building was completed in 1889, the priest moved into the old school. In 1908, the parish spent $2,000 to buy land from John Schlosser immediately west of the church; on this land they built the present rectory for $10,000. Divided into three bays on the front and six bays on each side, it sits on a foundation of cut stone with a stone water table and a basement. Individuals may enter through a large entryway on the southern front of the house or through a smaller doorway on the rear of the eastern side of the house.</p><br>
<p>Dominating the appearance of the house from the street is a large verandah-style porch, supported by large stone columns, on the southern-facing front of the house; an enclosed porch, smaller but two stories high and supported by wooden pillars, is located on the rear portion of the house&#39;s east side. Projecting from the front of the house, above the porch, is a small wing with a gable, semicircular window, and elaborate cornice. The house is built in a combination of styles; it includes many Italianate details, but its design appears to have been influenced by the architecture of the Sears Modern Homes.</p><br>
<h3>Elementary school</h3><br>
<p>Sitting immediately north of the church is the Immaculate Conception Elementary School, which was erected in 1918 at a cost of $70,000. Two stories tall and built of brick with a flat asphalt roof, it is divided into sixteen bays on each of its two sides. Among its leading architectural features are a central projection on its eastern front, the arched doorway in that projection, and ornamental panels around the entrance. The school occupies the site of an earlier school that was built in 1889; the present building was constructed because the previous structure had become too small. In its early years, the present building housed both the elementary school and the high school, which was only a three-year course for its first ten years. Because of continued growth in the high school, a new building was constructed specifically for it on the opposite side of the street. The architect for the elementary school was an unknown member of the DeCurtins family, who was related to the designer of the church building, Andrew DeCurtins. Unlike the newer building, the old elementary school remains a functioning school building. Due to falling enrollment and increasing expenses, the school was losing significant amounts of money by the late 2000s. Operating the school cost $874,243 in the 2008-2009 school year, while income was only $375,459. In 2010, the church announced that it would close the school at the end of the 2010-2011 school year unless finances improved markedly.</p><br>
<h3>High school</h3><br>
<p>Located on the eastern side of Walnut Street across from the other buildings of the church complex, the former Immaculate Conception High School was built in 1933 under the supervision of William and Joseph Forsthoff. The building was designed by Fred DeCurtins, a relative of the architect who designed the church building, and the nephew of the architect who designed the elementary school. Members of the DeCurtins family, who lived primarily in the community of Carthagena, designed many churches and other religious buildings in Mercer County and the surrounding region, including the areas first church built with a tall tower, St. Aloysius Church in Carthagena. Although Fred DeCurtins designed the church building constructed in 1937 for the new parish in the northern Mercer County village of Rockford, architectural historians believe that Immaculate Conception High School was the last building designed by the DeCurtins family for an entity connected to the Missionaries of the Precious Blood. The school closed at the end of the 1972 school year, and by the late 1970s, the parish no longer needed its high school building; although it remained in church ownership, it was leased for use by the Celina City School District for use as a ninth-grade academy.</p><br>
<p>Three stories tall, the high school is a brick and stone building constructed on a concrete foundation with a basement and topped with a flat composite roof. Its overall shape is that of a square, divided into thirteen bays on the front and sixteen bays on the sides. The first floor of its west-facing main facade is pierced by the large main entrance, which features an arched entrance with a cross-tipped stone gable at the top. A similar entrance is present on the building&#39;s southern side. Among its most prominent architectural features are eight stone columns on the main facade, which bracket groups of five windows on each story. These columns rise to different heights, creating a distinctive vertical effect. Such a style is common among more conservative modernist architects, who wish to combine older designs with current trends: historic elements are simplified and given a modernist style.</p><br>
<h2>Recognition</h2><br>
<p>In 1977, the church, rectory, and schools were recorded by a historic preservation program run by the Ohio Historical Society, known as the Ohio Historic Inventory. This survey found the church in excellent condition, the elementary school in fair condition, and the high school and rectory in good condition. Although no historic preservation program was in effect, no threats to historic integrity were identified for any of the buildings, except for the elementary school, which was deemed to be in danger from being outdated.</p><br>
<p>Two years later, the complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places because of the well-preserved and historically significant architecture of its buildings. At the same time, the same designation was given to more than thirty other churches and other buildings in far western Ohio that were related to the Missionaries of the Precious Blood, using the multiple property submission process. Centered on the community of Maria Stein, the location of the Convent of Mary, Help of Christians, this predominately Catholic region is dotted with many large Romanesque Revival or Gothic Revival churches whose tall spires rise above tiny communities and can be seen from miles around. Because of the way that these churches dominate the region, the area has become known as the "Land of the Cross-Tipped Churches."</p><br>
<p>Mechanicville Hydroelectric Plant is a 18.3 acre national historic district located at Mechanicville in Saratoga County, New York. The listing included one contributing building and three contributing structures. The district dates to 1897 and includes notable Queen Anne architecture.</p><br>
<p>The district includes the powerhouse, an earth embankment, a concrete non-overflow dam, and a 700-foot-long concrete gravity overflow dam. They were built in 1897–1898 by the Hudson River Power Transmission Company and span the western channel of the Hudson River between the Saratoga County shore and Bluff Island.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The station was designed to produce 5000 kilowatts from seven hydraulic turbine-generator units. Extensive renovations starting in 2003 have turned the plant into a working museum.</p><br>
<h2>Project origins and construction</h2><br>
<p>Robert Newton King (1846–1943), president of the Stillwell-Bierce & Smith-Vaile Company of Ohio, selected the site for its hydro potential and proximity to industrial areas of Albany, Troy and Schenectady. Hudson River Power Transmission was the company formed to develop the project. The Hudson River watershed runs to the Adirondack Mountains and covers 4,600 square miles. Construction started July 1897 but was delayed by a major storm in November; the first generator was tested in May 1898 and power delivered to the General Electric plant in July 1898. The original five turbines were completed by August 1898.</p><br>
<h2>Turbines and generators</h2><br>
<p>The initial design of the plant used seven horizontal Francis-type turbines manufactured by King&#39;s SB&SV company, each equipped with four runners 41 in in diameter, producing 1000 HP. These turbines drove a 750 kW generator at 114 rpm. The generators produced 12,000 volts three-phase power at 38 Hz. Two exciter turbine/generators were initially installed to provide 125 V and 250 kW of DC excitation power for the main generators, but DC power has been provided by a static system for more than 50 years. Generators and controls were designed by Charles Proteus Steinmetz.</p><br>
<p>Only five of the initial turbines had been completed when all seven units were replaced with new turbines in 1902. The new turbines were made by the S. Morgan Smith company and were now rated at 1,250 HP and 125 rpm. The water passage for the turbines was modified and the operating frequency of the generators raised to 40 Hz. At the same time, a reciprocating Corliss steam engine was installed in the plant to provide supplemental capacity during low water flow; this drove the No.7 hydraulic generator through a rope drive. This was only kept for 5 years. One turbine failed in 1932 and has not been replaced. Each of the turbines has three water-lubricated lignum vitae wood bearings in the turbine chamber and an oil-bath bearing in the generator hall. Up until about 1950, the speed of the turbines was regulated by a hydraulic governor.</p><br>
<h2>Civil structures</h2><br>
<p>The project consists of a spillway 900 ft feet long, an earth embankment dam about 900 ft long and 20 ft high, and a powerhouse. The powerhouse is 220 ft wide and 50 ft long, made of reinforced concrete. The horizontally mounted turbines in upstream water passages drive shafts running through packing boxes on the upstream headwall which is 6 ft thick concrete. The arrangement of horizontal runners, packing box and generators was patented at the time; the layout of the station was a model for many future projects.</p><br>
<h2>Electrical switchgear and distribution</h2><br>
<p>Most of the power generated by the Mechanicville plant was sent to the General Electric plant in Schenectady. Some 40 Hz power was used locally for lighting and motors until 1949. In 1899, the Hudson River Power Company took over control of the plant from the original developers, and began operating the plant in parallel with a new larger plant called Spier Falls; regulation of the Mechnicville units speed was done manually until automatic governors were installed in 1902. From 1935 through to the end of WWII, the HVDC Mechanicville–Schenectady DC transmission system sent power to the GE plant and also served to convert from 40 Hz to 60 Hz.</p><br>
<p>The original 12 kV switchgear used open switches operated by 3 ft wooden sticks. This arrangement was quite dangerous by modern standards and resulted in one fatality and several near miss accidents. In 1902 the switchgear was replaced by oil-enclosed lever-operated switches, and in 1920 the system was again renovated with remotely controlled oil-filled circuit breakers. The 1920 switchboard has been retained to the present day.</p><br>
<p>In 1949 two motor-generator frequency changer sets were installed so that the plant could provide power to standard 60 Hz networks.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration and conversion to a museum</h2><br>
<p>In the 1960s, Niagara Mohawk Power Company, which owned many hydroelectric facilities in New York State, had begun a program of demolition of older, smaller facilities in favor of larger central stations. Although Niagara Mohawk (which owned the Mechanicville plant) planned to demolish it, by 1985 a competitive plan for developing waterpower at the site encouraged retention of the plant. A new 50-year water license, required for continued operation of the plant, was obtained in 1993 but in 1997 the company shut down the plant since it appeared power generated at a refurbished plant would not be competitive with other sources. The plant remained closed until, after litigation, ownership was transferred to Albany Engineering Company in 2003 and generation restarted. Extensive structural repairs and enhancements were carried out to modernize the plant. Renovation plans include restoration to the original 1898 exterior appearance while maintaining output from the plant. In 2005 Albany Engineering obtained permission to study a possible additional, underground, generator unit of 20 MW rating.</p><br>
<p>Zverino Island  is the largest and westernmost island in the Meade group lying in the north entrance to McFarlane Strait in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. It is extending 1.2 km by 700 m, with surface area of 48 hectare, and is snow-free in summer.</p><br>
<p>The island is named after the settlement of Zverino in Western Bulgaria.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Zverino Island is located is 2.4 km east of Williams Point and 2.1 km northeast of Ficheto Point on Livingston Island, 1.9 km west of Duff Point on Greenwich Island, and is separated from neighbouring Cave Island to the east-northeast by the 110 m wide Glogovo Passage. British mapping in 1935 and 1968, Chilean in 1971, Argentine in 1980, Spanish in 1991, and Bulgarian in 2005 and 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>L.L. Ivanov et al. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.</p><br>
<p>L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2010. (First edition 2009. )</p><br>
<p>L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Smith Island. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2017.</p><br>
<p>The Taipa Houses–Museum  is housed in a set of old houses in Taipa, Macau, China.</p><br>
<p>The museum complex consists of five houses, of which four display various artefacts and exhibits on life during Macau&#39;s colonial era while another serves as an event venue. The houses were built in 1921. These colonial residences were restored to recreate houses of well-off Portuguese families living in Macau during the first half of the 20th century. The last house was restored in 1999. The Taipa Houses–Museum opened on 5 December 1999 and is administered by the Macau Civil and Municipal Affairs Bureau.</p><br>
<p>The houses used to look out over the sea, but due to land reclamation of the Cotai Strip between Taipa and Coloane, they are now next to a small lake.</p><br>
<p>The Centre Furnace Mansion House, a restored and furnished ironmaster&#39;s home listed on the National Register of Historic Places, is the headquarters of the Centre County Historical Society, located in State College, PA. This historic mansion and nearby iron furnace stack represent the 18th century beginnings of the charcoal iron industry in the central Pennsylvania area, and the 19th century beginnings of the Pennsylvania State University. It was the home of Centre Furnace ironmaster Moses Thompson, his wife Mary Irvin Thompson, and their children from 1842-1891.</p><br>
<p>The Centre County Historical Society operates a museum at the mansion. The museum is home to various community exhibits and events, including an annual "Plant Celebration".</p><br>
<p>The Perkins Stone Mansion is a historic house museum in Akron, Ohio, United States.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>The mansion is owned and operated by The Summit County Historical Society of Akron, Ohio and is also the organizations headquarters. It was built from 1835 to 1837 by Col. Simon Perkins, son of Akrons founder General Simon Perkins. It served as the family home until 1945 when it was purchased from George Perkins Raymond for $25,000.</p><br>
<h2>Design and construction</h2><br>
<p>The Perkins Stone Mansion was built between 1835 and 1837 on 115 acres owned by Colonel Simon Perkins, the oldest son of the City of Akrons founder, Gen. Simon Perkins. At the time of its completion, the home was located one mile from the southwest border of Akron and along the prehistoric Portage Path of Summit County, Ohio. The house overlooked the City of Akron from the front porch and the "widows walk" on the roof provided a viewing point of the Ohio and Erie Canal.</p><br>
<p>Records suggest it was designed by Isaac Ladd of Warren, Ohio. It was designed in the Greek Revival Style. The Mansion was constructed of hand cut yellow sandstone that was quarried nearby its location.</p><br>
<p>Perkins eventually expanded his estate to 300 acres. The land was used for farming and sheep grazing and eventually became known as "Mutton Hill." The pasture land came right to the front porch and the house was originally flanked by vegetable gardens and an arbor.</p><br>
<h2>Other structures</h2><br>
<p>Located nearby the Mansion is the Wash House where the Perkins family washed and dried clothing, bedding, and other textiles. Next to the Wash House is the original well. Behind the mansion is the "woodshed" that now serves as the office building for the Summit County Historical Society of Akron, Ohio. Reconstructed versions of the Carriage House, gazebo, and outhouse are also located on the property. The property was surrounded by a dry mortared stone wall, much of which remains to this day.</p><br>
<h2>Ownership and residents</h2><br>
<p>1837–1887: Col. Simon Perkins and his wife Grace.</p><br>
<p>1887–1919: Anna Perkins, the eldest daughter of Col. and Mrs. Simon Perkins. Anna never married and took over as the mistress of the house at the death of her mother in 1867. Her brother George Tod Perkins assisted with maintenance and renovations.</p><br>
<p>1919–1926: Mr C.B. and Mrs Mary Raymond. Mary was the daughter of George Tod Perkins and niece of Anna Perkins.</p><br>
<p>1926–1945: George Perkins Raymond. George took over occupancy when his parents moved to California in 1926. Due to his career as a concert singer, he rarely stayed in the home.</p><br>
<p>1945–present: The Summit County Historical Society of Akron, Ohio. It was purchased from Raymond for $25,000. The funds were raised through contributions.</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>Today, the Perkins Stone Mansion is the showpiece of the Summit County Historical Society. It is run as a historic house museum and open for tours April–December on Wednesdays, Thursdays, Fridays, and Saturdays at 1:00pm and 4:00pm. There are also tours by appointment.</p><br>
<p>Plas yn Rhiw is an early 17th-century manor house in Y Rhiw, Gwynedd in northwestern Wales. The estate consists of a small house of Tudor/Georgian style, a garden of just under one acre in size, and many wooded acres. Located at the base of Mynydd Rhiw, the estate overlooks the beach of Porth Neigwl , Cardigan Bay, and the Llyn Peninsula.</p><br>
<p>The history of the manors estate predates construction of the house to some 4000 years of the neolithic period. After the houses construction in the early 17th century (an inscription of I.L. on a window lintel is dated 1634), the manor house witnessed many historical family saga, which finally ended in the 1940s when the three sisters donated it to the National Trust in memory of their parents, Constance and William Keating. Before that, they had refurbished the garden and restored the manor house to its old glory. The three sisters, who lived in the house until each of their deaths, are buried in a church yard near Porth Ysgo, about 5 km from their Plas yn Rhiw. Plas yn Rhiw is the only organic National Trust garden in Wales. The original garden was expanded by the trust to include 150 acres of surrounding woodland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Ancient history</h3><br>
<p>The family history of the owners of the Plas yn Rhiw is traced to tribes of some 4000 years old neolithic period who lived in its close vicinity. Celtic forts within 2 km of the manor house, of Middle Europe vintage, also testify to settlements to some 2000 years ago. Roman legionaries were stationed at Segontium (an outpost of the XXth Legion) near Caernarfon and their defence structures are corroborated by evidences near the 6th-century church of St Hywyn at Aberdaron. The location also witnessed intermarriage and family squabbles among the descendants of the Neolithic people, immigrants from Ireland and the Iberian Peninsula who had made their living here. The offsprings of this generation of people are stated to be the modern Welsh families living in this area.</p><br>
<h3>Medieval history</h3><br>
<p>The Gwynedd Royal Dynasty had been established here around the 5th century after defeating the Irish settlers. In the 9th and 10th centuries, Irish settlers faced many invasions by the Vikings and many churches were destroyed. However, the Gwynedd kings vanquished many of the Viking invaders and also the Saxons (the English people). Rhodri the Great, the first king of all Wales, ruled in the 9th century, and his great grandson, Meirion Goch, is reported to have built a house close to the present manor house of Plas yn Rhiw.</p><br>
<p>A conceptual version of the Plas yn Rhiw manor house has been interpreted as a 15th-century house having been built with 1 m thick stone walls and mud floors, covered with meadowsweet, found locally. Small, unglazed, sliced windows were covered with waxed cloth. There was a heavy main front door. Also conjectured were a main room with a circular staircase leading to a watch tower. A fireplace with chimney lead to the thatched roof. The house was surrounded by the common setting of a farmhouse with pigsties, barns stables and houses for farm labourers.</p><br>
<p>A 16th-century "The Caernarfon Quarter Sessions Calendar" makes mention of the manor house as "Plas yn Rhiw" in the village of Rhiw. The residents of the manor house lived as respected gentry of the town, also participating in jury duty in the judicial system of the town. However, at that time, they did not have a traditional surname but were known by their father’s name. They eventually adopted the surname as Lewis, either suffixed or prefixed to their maiden name, for another 250 years and they were prosperous in the Welsh land.</p><br>
<h3>Modern history</h3><br>
<p>The house originally built by Meirion Goch in the 10th century to prevent incursions by Vikings into Porth Neigwl was rebuilt. A French window in the present house, which was remodelled in 1820, has an inscription dated 1634 and attributed to John Lewis, presumed to be the owner of the house at that time. His son, Richard Lewis, was married to Rector Richard Glynns daughter. The hierarchy that followed consisted of two sons of Richard Lewis, the second son inheriting the property after his fathers death, who lived with his wife Jane in the house. They had a daughter, also named Jane, who married William William and they had a son who was also named William William who was married to Mary Jones, the daughter of the Rector of Llaniestyn. They had only a daughter named Jane Ann who became the sole heiress of the property, in 1816. She married an army gentleman by the name of Lewis Moore Bennet. It was during this time that the house underwent further expansion.</p><br>
<p>The Bennets only child was also a daughter who became an heiress and married a very ambitious attorney, Cyril Williams, who was the son of the Rector of Llanbedrog. They had a son but the mother died soon after child birth. In 1846, Cyril Williams became the Mayor of Pwllheli but his ambitious plans to develop the place and to build a railway line from Worcester to Porth Dinllaen via Ludlow, Tremadog and Pwllheli, and then linking it to a ferry service to Ireland, did not come to fruition as he could not muster enough support for his plans in the House of Commons. Cyril Williams remarried and had many children. His daughter, Anne Elizabeth Williams, had in fact inscribed her name on a diamond ring and placed it on glass in one of the rooms on the first floor of the house, which is closed now. After Cyril Williams death in 1859, his son William Lewis Williams, an army officer, inherited the property but he died a bachelor, and the house, along with the estate, was sold for £8000.</p><br>
<p>The property was purchased by Thomas Edward Roberts of Hendre, Aberdaron who lived in the manor house with his wife and children. But his son did not have interest to live in the house as he was residing in Harlech. He, therefore, released the house and the land to Lady Strickland of Sizergh Castle and Garden, Cumbria, who lived in the manor house for two summers. She was instrumental in fixing a modern bathtub in the house; it is now a water display item in the garden. After her, one of the daughter&#39;s of Williams lived in the house for some time and then moved to Abergele in 1922. Then the house was deserted and remained untended till the Keating sisters bought it who, as children, had moved with their mother to Rhiw in 1904 and taken residence in a rented house.</p><br>
<p>In 1939, the Keating sisters, Eileen, Lorna and Honora, along with their mother, Constance, who traced their ancestry to the original owners of the manor, purchased the manor house. They embarked on a serious refurbishing process in which they improved the garden setting, acquiring more land to enhance the environmental setting of the house and brought back the old glory of the manor.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>The walls, measuring a depth of 6.5 ft in places, were constructed of large stones. A third storey was built as an extension to the old manor house built in the 17th century. A stair-wing was added to the rear. It was extended laterally, also. The front elevation, as well as the doors and windows were redesigned with a Georgian façade. Sixteen pane, sash windows, and an above ground floor verandah were added. There is a stone, spiral staircase. The house was restored by the Keating sisters in 1939, with advice from Clough Williams-Ellis, which included removal of the ca. 1816 Regency style stucco to reveal the original grey stone walls.</p><br>
<p>Located on the grounds, and adjoining the manor home, a two storey former gardener&#39;s cottage is available for rent. It has its own kitchen, sitting/dining room, fireplace, bedrooms, and a bathroom.</p><br>
<p>There are several Grade II listed buildings on the estate, such as the cartshed which was listed in 1971, including the manor house and the detached cottage. There is also a summerhouse and a tool shed. An old mill next to a stream was granted Royal permission to grind its own corn.</p><br>
<h2>Grounds</h2><br>
<p>Set away from prevailing winds and benefiting from the microclimate, the garden lies below the house and is terraced into the slope, divided by hedges into several small compartments. There are native and cultivated plants in the garden. In spring and summer, there are displays of snowdrops and bluebells. Rhododendrons, azaleas, and magnolias are also part of the garden setting.The garden is accessible via grass paths and cobbled paths. Stone gateposts and seats, as well as old, unused buildings, and parterres are included in the landscaping. The parterre is referred to as Lady Strickland’s Garden. A slate plaque is situated outside the entrance to the garden and contains an epitaph.</p><br>
<p>The earliest known planting plan was developed in 1966 by Mildred Eldridge, an artist and the wife of poet R. S. Thomas. This was followed in 1994 when an improved plan was drawn by the garden designed John Hubbard.</p><br>
<p>Tim Walker, head gardener of the manor garden, boasts: "Its the only organic National Trust garden in Wales, and one of only three throughout England and Wales – although the other two, Trengwainton, near Penzance, and Snowshill Manor, in Gloucestershire, havent got the same pedigree as Plas".</p><br>
<p>After the manor house, gardens and over 400 acres of countryside were given to the National Trust,</p><br>
<p>Holy Trinity Greek Orthodox Church is located in Sioux City, Iowa, United States. Designed by noted architect William L. Steele, the church building has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1998.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Before the founding of Holy Trinity Church in 1918, Greek Orthodox Christians had to travel to Omaha, Nebraska to attend services. Paikos K. Pappaphilipopoulos, who would Americanize his name to Peter Nelson, led the organization of a church. Their initial meeting was held at a Knights of Columbus Hall. In 1920 they purchased property near the downtown area for $35,000. There was a house on the property that was used as the parish&#39;s first church. Father Constantinos Harvelas served as the church’s first pastor.</p><br>
<p>The cornerstone for the present church building was laid in the spring of 1925 and the church was dedicated on October 4 of the same year. It is the oldest and largest Orthodox Church building in Iowa. In February 1996 a fire gutted the church’s interior. Christ Kamages of San Francisco served as architect for the renovation, iconographer Elias Damianakis of Florida and woodcarver Steve Kavroulakis of Crete, designed and built a new altar, sanctuary, narthex, iconostasion, and iconography. Metropolitan Iakovos of Krinis rededicated the church in June 1999.</p><br>
<p>The John Cady House, also known historically as the Babcock Tavern, is a historic house at 484 Mile Hill Road in Tolland, Connecticut. It is a -story wood-frame structure, five bays wide, with a large central chimney. Its main entrance is centered on the front facade, and is decorated by a c. 1830 pilaster-and-lintel frame. Although its exterior is uniform, the building is structurally composed of two separate buildings which were butted together. The southern section appears to date to c. 1720, while the northern section dates to c. 1770. The house, whose history is complicated by a confusing and ambiguous documentary record, is an exhibit of the adaptive alteration of houses in the 18th century.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Hildreth Covered Bridge, also known as the "Hills Covered Bridge" or "Lafaber&#39;s Mill Bridge," is a historic covered bridge in Washington County, Ohio, United States. about 5 mi east of the city of Marietta,</p><br>
<p>One of three covered bridges that span the Little Muskingum, the Hildreth Bridge is a single-span wooden Howe truss bridge that rests on abutments and piers of ashlar. It features structural elements such as a metal roof, vertical siding, and portals with battens. Due to its great height above the stream below, the bridge has been seen by locals as one of the most impressive of the region&#39;s many covered bridges. In 1978, the Hildreth Bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying both because of its place in local history and because of its historically significant construction.</p><br>
<p>The Coventry Glass Factory Historic District is a 32 acre historic district in Coventry, Connecticut that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987. The listing encompasses ten historically significant houses, clustered near the site of the former Coventry Glass Factory, in a linear district along what was the Boston Turnpike, now USA Route 44. The Skungamaug River is a creek cutting through the district. The glassworks operated here between 1813 and about 1845, and most of these houses date to that time, exhibiting largely vernacular Federal and Greek Revival styles. The most sophisticated and best-preserved house is that of Nathaniel Root, at 1044 Boston Turnpike. The ground in the area of the glassworks  is littered with melted glass fragments and burnt brick fragments. and</p><br>
<p>Ellington Center Historic District is an 80 acre historic district in the town of Ellington, Connecticut that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>The historic district encompasses most of Ellington Center, including the town green and buildings that face the green or the streets that lead to it. Architecture represented includes the Colonial Revival style and work by Nelson Chaffee. The Ellington green is largely open space with tall shade trees. A granite monument on the green identifies the site of the first meetinghouse in Ellington Center, built in 1739.</p><br>
<p>The National Register listing included 103 contributing buildings, three contributing sites, and two contributing objects. It also included 26 non-contributing buildings, six non-contributing structures, and three non-contributing objects. The district does not include commercial property east of the green, the town hall and its annex, Center School, and several houses within its general boundaries. Center School, a public elementary school, occupies a brick building constructed in 1949 to replace a structure that was constructed in 1852 as a one-room schoolhouse and later expanded.</p><br>
<p>Hall Memorial Library, a Neo-Classical Revival building built of brick and limestone, is one of the largest buildings in the historic district. The historic district also includes two churches.</p><br>
<p>Włocławek Reservoir  is a water body in the Middle Vistula flow that appeared in 1970 after building of the dam in Włocławek. The length of the reservoir is 58 km from Włocławek to Płock, average width is 1.2 km. It is the biggest reservoir in Poland.</p><br>
<p>Due to the significant amount of organic matter in the tank (approx. 11.5% of the dry weight of sediment), it emits approx. 400 mg of methane per area of 1 m² (which is approx. 27% of the total amount of gases emitted from the sediment of average 3114 ml m d). For this reason, is considered an important source of greenhouse gases emission.</p><br>
<h2>Functions</h2><br>
<p>The tank has three basic functions:</p><br>
<p>Retention - during floods water on the Vistula River reservoir retains a large part of the floodwaters</p><br>
<p>Energy - on the dam in Wloclawek is Wloclawek hydroelectric power plant</p><br>
<p>Tourism - Lake Wloclawski developed following tourist centers: Zarzeczewo, Wistka Kings, lens Murzynowo &#39;.</p><br>
<h2>Flood protection</h2><br>
<p>Wloclawek reservoir tank is essentially instantaneous. From approx. 2004. In the event of high water levels acts as a storage reservoir.</p><br>
<h3>Flood 2010</h3><br>
<p>On 17 May at the dam in Wloclawek thrown water (3,000 m³/s), preparing for the arrival of the flood wave. 22 May inflow was 6,000 m³/s, a snapshot already amounted to 5700 m³/s. During the climax assumed dump 6,300 m³/s. May 23, at 14 the culmination wave reached Wloclawek, but the water level was lower than expected initially, due to the rupture of a dam in the town of Świniary under Plock iem.</p><br>
<h3>Flood 2014</h3><br>
<p>During the flood Vistula May 22, 2014 r. To Włocławski Reservoir affect 4900 m³/s, the discharge was at that time 4300 m³/s. As a result, they managed to flatten the wave of flood and reduce the risk of flooding in the lower section of the Vistula.</p><br>
<p>St. Peter&#39;s Episcopal Church is a large historic Carpenter Gothic Episcopal church building located at the corner of Division and Telegraph streets in Carson City, Nevada. Built in 1868, it is the oldest Episcopal church still in use in Nevada. On January 3, 1978, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On November 9, 1863, laymen D. S. King and A. H. Griswold were selected as the first wardens of the new parish in Carson City. Nevada territorial governor James W. Nye and businessman Henry Marvin Yerington were among the first vestrymen. The women of the congregation helped raise construction funds through social events, such as sales at fairs and other activities.</p><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>Building plans were announced in July 1867. The first sermon in the new building was delivered by Reverend George B. Allen on August 8, 1868. The first rector was William Maxwell Reilly. The church was consecrated by Bishop Ozi William Whitaker on June 19, 1870.</p><br>
<p>Work to expand the church building by 24 ft commenced in October 1873 and was completed in April 1874. A library was added in 1875. The stained glass window in front of the belfry, a gift from England, was shipped by sea around Cape Horn to San Francisco, from which it was delivered by wagon to Carson City. The original church bell became badly cracked by 1881, and was recast by the local machine shop of the Virginia and Truckee Railroad. A private residence to the south of the church as acquired for use as a rectory in 1891, at a cost of $3,500. That same year, the church purchased a pipe organ for $1,700. Other modernizations to the structure include the addition of a kitchen and plumbing as well as electrical lighting in 1919.</p><br>
<h3>Continued use</h3><br>
<p>The church struggled through a collapse of the states mining industry in the late 19th century, as well as temporary closure in 1909. After recovering from a period as an "aided parish" from 1920 to 1957, the building has remained the oldest Episcopal church still in use in the state of Nevada. However, St. Pauls Episcopal Church, organized in September 1861 at Virginia City, Nevada, is the oldest parish in the state. The current minister of St. Peter&#39;s, the Reverend Jeff Paul, has been with the church since September 1995.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The identity of the architect is uncertain, but architectural historians believe Henry Marvin Yerington was involved in the design of the church. The Gothic Revival building has been noted for its "architectural sophistication", with elements of Medieval and Classic origin, according to the Carson City Historical Commission. The interior resembles the upside-down hull of a ship. The pews are arranged in three groups of rows, making this the only Episcopal church west of the Mississippi River without a center aisle to the altar. The auditorium measures 70 feet following the 1874 expansion, which added a lecture and sunday school room in two respective wings. The chancel is supported by fluted Roman Corinthian columns. The wood-framed structure sits upon a low foundation made of sandstone ashlar. The steeple is a 1977 replica that was built to replace damage to the building from a fire.</p><br>
<h2>Notable members</h2><br>
<p>James W. Nye – Territorial Governor and USA Senator</p><br>
<p>The Château de Nobles is a castle in the French commune of La Chapelle-sous-Brancion, in the department of Saône-et-Loire. The castle is privately owned and is not open to the public. It has been listed since 1946 as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>1370: Antoine de Nanton, who belonged to a Mâcon family, was the first lord known in the area.</p><br>
<p>End of 16th century: Philiberte de Feurs, widow of François de Nanton, the last of his line, took the manor on remarriage to Jean de La Baume whose family held the property until the end of the Ancien Régime.</p><br>
<p>Revolution: the castle was looted and partially destroyed.</p><br>
<p>1856: during restoration work, what was left of the fortifications was demolished.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The castle was built on a slope. The construction consists of a long rectangular building flanked at either end by towers with conical roofs. The latter are pierced with holes for cannon in the upper parts. The rear façade of the building, flanked with a square tower, opens into a courtyard containing various agricultural outbuildings. On the ground floor, two doors are witness to the alterations carried out in the 16th century: one, fully arched, is installed in a Tuscan bay with fluted pilasters; the other, rectangular, is endowed with a frame, probably altered, consisting of two short pilasters with composite capitals whose shafts are sculpted with scales and which carry an entablature divided into coffers.</p><br>
<p>In one of the first floor rooms is a monumental chimney place whose lintel, decorated with an oval medallion surrounded with hides and rose windows, is supported by four fluted columns with Ionic capitals.</p><br>
<p>The Provo Tabernacle served as a tabernacle of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints  from 1898 to 2010 in downtown Provo, Utah, United States. It is a historic icon of Provo and has been home to many religious and cultural events. All but the outer walls of the building were destroyed by fire in December 2010. The LDS Church preserved the remaining outer walls and built a new foundation and interior as part of the Provo City Center Temple, completed in 2016.</p><br>
<h2>First tabernacle in Provo</h2><br>
<p>Predating the existing Provo tabernacle was a smaller tabernacle (sometimes called the Old Provo Tabernacle) that stood from 1861-1919 on the same block, and was situated north of the current tabernacle building facing Center Street. Plans for the first tabernacle began as early as 1852, though ground wasn&#39;t broken until 1856. The Walker and Utah wars slowed the progress of building the original structure. Thomas Allman and John Watkins did much of the interior woodwork. The first tabernacle seated 1100, though more could fit with chairs added in the aisles. The single tower, located on the north end above the foyer, stood 80 ft tall and carried a 500 lb bell. For practical purposes, the tabernacle was completed in 1861, although the final plastering and dedication of the building occurred in 1867. There is confusion as to whether Brigham Young or John Taylor dedicated the first tabernacle. At the dedication, Brigham Young expressed that the tabernacle was "entirely too small" and should have been completed 12 years previously. The original Provo tabernacle was razed between 1918-1919. The foundation for the first tabernacle and nearby baptismal font were unearthed by the Office of Public Archaeology at Brigham Young University in 2012. Many coins, trinkets and other small items that had fallen through the floor boards and remained in the foundation were discovered. The rock foundation was then disassembled and the stones were donated to Provo City.</p><br>
<h2>Construction of the second tabernacle</h2><br>
<p>The construction for the second and larger Provo tabernacle (referred to also as the Utah Stake Tabernacle or the New Provo Tabernacle) started in 1883. It was built by the LDS Church as a meeting place that would hold more people than its predecessor. The new tabernacle, designed by William Folsom could seat 3,000 individuals in its auditorium and balconies. The tabernacle was in use by 1886, when it held the church&#39;s general conference on April 6. Members of the First Presidency were in hiding at the time on polygamy charges and were not present. The tabernacle was dedicated on April 17, 1898, by George Q. Cannon, with church president Joseph F. Smith also in attendance. The building costs totaled USD$100,000. In 1907, a USD$10,000 organ from the Austin Organ Company was installed. In 1917, the cupola was removed due to the roof sagging.</p><br>
<p>In 1964, the tabernacle was updated, with much of the interior painted white, while the electrical and heating systems were updated.</p><br>
<h2>Cultural impact</h2><br>
<p>The Tabernacle was home to many concerts, LDS stake conferences, and other community events. One of the first big-name entertainers to perform in the tabernacle was Madame Abbie Carrington in 1891. On September 1, 1909, USA President William H. Taft visited and spoke in the tabernacle. In the 1930s, Herald R. Clark, the head of BYU&#39;s College of Commerce, arranged to use the tabernacle for university lyceum programs. One of the most famous lyceums occurred in 1938 when composer Sergei Rachmaninoff performed in concert. Many funerals of prominent residents of Provo were held in the tabernacle, including those of Abraham O. Smoot, Hugh Nibley and Truman Madsen. In 1975, the building was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Fire</h2><br>
<p>A four-alarm fire was reported at the tabernacle on December 17, 2010, at 2:43 AM MST. Firefighters arrived to find smoke coming from the building. Firefighters initially believed they could save the roof and thus the outward structural integrity of the building, but at around 6:00 AM MST the roof collapsed. The fire continued to burn throughout the day.</p><br>
<p>On March 31, 2011, after 12 weeks of investigation, the Provo City Fire Department released its findings and conclusion to the Provo Tabernacle Fire. The report states "The most probable proximate cause of the fire at the Tabernacle December 17, 2010 is a heat source, specifically an energized 300-watt lamp, which was placed too close to combustible materials, specifically a wooden speaker enclosure." The report also finds deficiencies with the lack of a fire protection system (including automatic sprinklers and notification system) and human error (including multiple failures to alert authorities of suspicious circumstances such as odor, correcting an unsafe condition, and failure to recognize and respond to the fire alarm).</p><br>
<p>According to press reports after the fire, a large painting of Jesus was found to have survived. All the figures including the background, with the exception of Jesus, in the painting were burnt by the fire. The figure of Jesus was surrounded by a clean, untouched area.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>LDS Church president Thomas S. Monson announced in the semi-annual general conference on October 1, 2011, that the Provo Tabernacle would be rebuilt to serve as a second temple in Provo. This will be the second city in the LDS Church to have two temples, following South Jordan, Utah which has the Jordan River and Oquirrh Mountain temples. It is the second tabernacle in Utah to be converted to a temple, following the Vernal Utah Temple. The restoration included "a complete restoration of the original exterior," and the artist&#39;s rendition in the press release included the central tower from the original building. As part of construction, the outer wall was placed on scaffolding for the excavation of two basement levels beneath it.</p><br>
<p>A public open house was held from Friday, January 15, 2016 through Saturday, March 5, 2016, excluding Sundays, and drew more than 800,000 visitors. The temple was dedicated on Sunday, March 20, 2016.</p><br>
<p>The Sparre Barn is a round barn in the city of Nowthen, Minnesota, United States. The barn is located on the west shore of Bass Lake. The basement is constructed of red tile, and the upper level of the barn is sheathed with shiplap siding. The interior space contains a circle of stanchions for feeding cattle, while the upper level has storage for feed and equipment.</p><br>
<p>The barn was built between 1917 and 1924. The architect, Ernest Marsh, was locally known for other structures such as neoclassical and Georgian Revival residences. This round barn was part of a trend, which started in the late 19th century, of round barns whose plans were circulated as an advance in "scientific agriculture". The barn was used as a dairy barn from 1924 through the 1940s. As Anoka County experienced more suburban development, the majority of the county&#39;s dairy barns were demolished. The Sparre Barn was the best-preserved dairy barn in the county, as of the time of nomination in 1979.</p><br>
<p>Minterburn Mill is a textile mill located at 215 East Main Street, in the Rockville village of Vernon, Connecticut. It is a complex of four buildings and a concrete dam, built between 1834 and 1906. The main building, originally the Rockville Warp Building, is a large stone structure, 3-1/2 stories in height, which was built in 1834, and is a well-preserved Greek Revival structure. Building 2, the Minterburn Mill, is a four-story structure built in 1906 that is one of the earliest uses of reinforced concrete in an industrial setting. The mill site has an industrial history dating to the 18th century, housing a gristmill, sawmill, and fulling mill.</p><br>
<p>The mill was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. It was converted into an apartment complex in 2016 by the state.</p><br>
<p>Banfill Tavern, also known as the Locke House, is a building in Fridley, Minnesota, United States, listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was built in 1847 in the Greek Revival style, with architectural features such as six-over-six pane double-hung windows, a tripartite formal entry consisting of a central door with side lights and a transom, broken-pedimented gables, corner pilasters, and slender brick chimneys.</p><br>
<p>When it was originally built, it served as a summer residence and an office for logging operations in the area. In 1852 the Territorial Road (Red River Trail) was built a short distance from the house, and the owner, John Banfill, converted it to a wayside inn for travelers. It served as an inn until the 1870s, when the property became a dairy farm and began to be used as a year-round residence. In 1912 C.M. Locke bought the house and lived there until his death in 1947. It has been virtually unaltered since the 1870s, and remains an example of one of the earliest and best-preserved Greek Revival residences in Anoka County.</p><br>
<p>In 1988, an art center founded in 1979 partnered with Anoka County to move into Banfill Tavern after outgrowing its original site. The Banfill-Locke Center for the Arts supports local artists with exhibits and classes. The Banfill-Locke Center is within Manomin County Park, and is a partner site of the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area.</p><br>
<p>Jackson Hotel, in Anoka, Minnesota, United States, is a hotel built in 1884 after a fire destroyed much of downtown Anoka. The hotel was in operation from 1884 through 1975 and played a central role in Anokas commerce. It was located at the hub of water, rail, and overland trade routes, and served a variety of travelers. It first served farmers and loggers who brought their goods to Anoka for sale. Later it served traveling businessmen, politicians, photographers, lecturers, entertainers, and tourists. Traveling salesmen also used the hotels sample room as a showroom and office. It had a reputation as the leading hotel in Anoka and one of the best hotels in Minnesota.</p><br>
<p>The building was built in five sections at different times. The two-story center section, built in 1884, bears the name of its builder, C.G. Jackson. In 1885 a two-story brick addition was built to the rear of the center section. In 1888 a large three-story brick addition was built on the west side, and another three-story addition was built on the east side several years later. All three sections facing Jackson Street are built of red brick.</p><br>
<p>The Elias Sprague House is a historic house at 2187 South Street in Coventry, Connecticut. It is a 1-1/2 story wood frame Cape style house, five bays wide, with a central chimney. It was built in 1821, and is a well-preserved example of a vernacular early 19th-century Connecticut home. It was owned during the early 20th century by George Dudley Seymour, a noted antiquarian. The house was later acquired from the town by the Coventry Historical Society, which restored the house in 1964-1965 and operated it as a historic house site.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987. In 2008, the historical society placed the house on the market, having outgrown its use as a meeting space, a move that elicited some controversy. The town had given it the property with the proviso that it operate it as a museum, and arguments were made that the historical society was therefore not permitted to sell it.</p><br>
<p>In 2011, the CT State Property Review Board unanimously approved the sale of the property for residential use. The restored and expanded property is now privately owned.</p><br>
<p>Ironton Sintering Plant Complex is a group of buildings north of Crosby, Minnesota, United States, listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The plant was built in 1924 by the Hanna Mining Company to process iron ore mined in the Cuyuna Range. The mining industry, after 1900, was seeking to exploit lower-grade iron deposits to meet the increasing demand of the iron and steel industry. To bring the ore to customers&#39; specifications, the mines sought to "beneficiate" the ore through sintering, crushing, and washing. The sintering process was unique to the Cuyuna Range and made it possible to economically support mining.</p><br>
<p>The plant sits on the west shore of Portsmouth Mine Pit Lake, formerly an open mine pit. The plant contained eight structures at the time of nomination. The sintering structure and trestle consists of a tall, concrete structure, adjacent to a trestle that supported rail cars that were unloaded into the sintering chamber. The machine shops building was located immediately east of the sintering structure and trestle, and is built of steel with corrugated metal sheathing. Other buildings include a warehouse/shops building, a garage, an electric transformer building, an oil tank, and a dryhouse.</p><br>
<p>The Wilford H. Fawcett House is a house in Breezy Point, Minnesota, United States, listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Wilford H. Fawcett, also known as "Captain Billy", started the book "Captain Billy&#39;s Whiz Bang" as a joke book for soldiers during World War I. He formed Fawcett Publications in 1919 in Robbinsdale, Minnesota. In 1920, he bought a tract of land where the present-day Breezy Point Resort is located, and he began building cottages and a large log lodge. The lodge has since burnt down. He built the Fawcett House as a private residence within the resort property. Fawcett hired the Minneapolis architects of Magney and Tusler and commissioned the design in the Swiss Chateau style. The rustic log style was a bit ironic, since the local logging industry had declined before the resort was built.</p><br>
<p>The house is located on a point on Breezy Point Bay on Big Pelican Lake. It has a "Y" shape. The center of the "Y" has a circular staircase leading to a "reading balcony" in the main hall. The building is constructed of peeled and trimmed Norway pine logs, with brown stain on the exterior and varnished on the interior. The center hall contains the "reading balcony", a large stone masonry fireplace, exposed logs for the rafter beams, and wrought iron fixtures. The remainder of the house has room for about 30 guests. In 1979, a fire damaged several rooms in the northwest wing, but the exterior was unharmed. While the interior has been modernized somewhat, it remains sympathetic to the original.</p><br>
<p>Moose Factory Island is an island in the Moose River, Ontario, Canada, about 16 km from its mouth at James Bay. It is adjacent to the community of Moosonee across the Moose River, from which it is accessible by water taxi. The island is home to the community of Moose Factory. This town is associated with the entire island, but politically, the island is divided into two entities:</p><br>
<p>Factory Island 1 - Indian reserve that makes up the northern two-thirds of the island, belonging to the Moose Cree First Nation (population: 1451).</p><br>
<p>Unorganized Cochrane District - Unincorporated southern third, home to the old Hudson&#39;s Bay Company post and government services, governed by the provincial Local Services Board and the federal Weeneebayko Health Ahtuskaywin that administers the hospital (population: 1007).</p><br>
<p>Moose Factory Island is part of the poorly drained, sparsely forested Hudson Bay Lowlands. It is flat and made up of marine clay, underlain by sedimentary rocks, mainly limestone, dolomite and shale. Being situated close to James Bay, Moose Factory Island is affected by the Arctic tides which rise and fall twice daily, varying as much as 2.5 m from high to low tide.</p><br>
<p>The Isabella Ranger Station is a complex of 21 buildings in Stony River Township, Minnesota, United States, near the town of Isabella. It is located on Minnesota State Highway 1 about one mile east of Isabella. The complex is listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its association with New Deal federal relief construction.</p><br>
<p>Of the 21 buildings, 11 are listed as contributing properties to the district. These were built by the Civilian Conservation Corps in the mid-1930s and were built of horizontally-laid wood logs, mostly aspen and pine. These buildings consist of dwellings, an office building, storage facilities, and warehouses. Some other buildings on the site were constructed after the CCC built the original complex, and are not considered contributing properties.</p><br>
<p>The ranger station is nationally significant for its use as an administration center that supported multiple federal land management functions within the Isabella Ranger District of the Superior National Forest. The rustic architecture is also significant because it was common to the design of land management administrative buildings within this time period. The historic context of the Superior National Forest began with a recommendation by General C.C. Andrews that all of the public land within Cook County, Minnesota and Lake County, Minnesota, totaling around 500,000 acre, should be preserved as a forest reserve. On February 13, 1909, President Theodore Roosevelt established the Superior National Forest with an area of 1,018,638 acre. Additional proclamations raised the size of the forest to 2,173,210 acre. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, the Civilian Conservation Corps was formed to provide relief for unemployment, and also to stimulate local economies through federally funded, grassroots development projects. The Isabella guard station served as a facility for crews that were working in an often roadless area within the Superior National Forest. While crews and their assignments changed frequently, CCC Company 701, based in Ely, Minnesota, and Company 3703, based in Baptism River, Minnesota were confirmed to be involved in the construction of this station.</p><br>
<p>Other surviving guard stations include the East Bearskin Lake Guard Station, near Gunflint; Crooked Lake Guard Station, near LaCroix; Halfway/North Central Experiment Station; Kekekabic Lake Guard Station; Lac LaCroix Guard Station; Sawbill Lake Guard Station; South Kawishiwi River Pavilion; and Tofte Ranger Station.</p><br>
<p>Paximadia  are two small uninhabited islands in the gulf of Mesara located approximately 12 km south of Agia Galini in Rethymno regional unit. They are in the Libyan Sea next to the southern coast of Crete. Due to their close proximity to one another, the two islands appear as one from a distance.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>Locals often refer to the islands as Elephantaki because it looks like a baby elephant that is lying down, in the water, with its trunk facing west. The name attributed to the islands today is due to their resembling dry Cretan biscuit known as Paximadi (the plural being Paximadia). In ancient Crete they were also known as Dionysioi after the god Dionysus and also as Letoai after the goddess Leto who was worshipped at Phaistos, where she was also known as Fitii in ancient times.</p><br>
<h2>Mythology</h2><br>
<p>In Cretan mythology it is believed that the goddess Leto gave birth to the god Apollo and the goddess Artemis on these islands.</p><br>
<h2>Beaches</h2><br>
<p>There are isolated sand beaches on these islands that can be reached via boat from Aghia Galini.</p><br>
<h2>Literature</h2><br>
<p>The Paximadia islands played a central role in the German novel Der kretische Gast (The Cretan Guest) by Klaus Modick.</p><br>
<p>The Jackson Mound is a Native American mound in the south-central portion of the USA state of Ohio. Located north of Pancoastburg in Fayette County, it measures approximately 75 ft in diameter and 5.5 ft in height. The mound has never been excavated, making the certain identification of its builders impossible; however, its location on a high terrace above a relatively small stream suggests that it was built by the Adena culture, which favored such sites for its many mounds. If true, it was originally more conical in shape , and it is likely to cover the remains of a wooden charnel house built by the Adena.</p><br>
<p>An archaeological survey performed in 1914 listed forty-two different mounds in Fayette County, but the Jackson Mound is the only one that has survived to the present day. For this reason, it is a significant archaeological site. In recognition of its archaeological value, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in late 1975, being the county&#39;s only archaeological site to be accorded this distinction.</p><br>
<p>The First St Marys Roman Catholic Church is a heritage-listed sandstone Roman Catholic church at 163 Palmerin Street, Warwick, Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Benjamin Joseph Backhouse and built from 1863 to 1865 by CA Doran. It is also known as St Mary of the Assumption Church and St Marys Church. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first Saint Mary&#39;s Church, Warwick is a substantial sandstone building, constructed 1863–1865 to designs of prominent Brisbane architect, Benjamin Backhouse.</p><br>
<p>From the 1840s, it seems that informal Roman Catholic services were held in Warwick by visiting priests from Sydney, Ipswich and Brisbane. The first recorded mass was held in 1854 by Rev. Father McGinty who travelled from Ipswich, and this was celebrated at the Horse and Jockey Inn, Palmerin Street, where services for most other denominations were held at this time.</p><br>
<p>In 1862 Warwick became a separate parish of the church, only one year after the Borough of Warwick was declared a municipality on 25 May 1861. The first priest was Dr John Cani (who became the first Bishop of Rockhampton in 1882). By 20 August 1863, discussions were being held for the erection of a church in Palmerin Street, the main street of Warwick. £180 was needed for the purchase of land and £20 was subscribed on that day.</p><br>
<p>Various people, including Michael Knole, William Cowper and Sarah Ransley acquired the various future church lots (Allotments 7-12 of Section 49) by Deed of Grant on 16 August 1860. By September 1863, John Cani and James Quinn, the parish priest and Bishop of Brisbane respectively, became the registered owners of these allotments.</p><br>
<p>The plan for the church was duly prepared by prominent Brisbane architect, Benjamin Backhouse, to the specifications that it was to be simple but tasteful, in the Gothic style and in stone or brick. Benjamin Joseph Backhouse arrived in Brisbane in May 1861, and designed many buildings of architectural pretension in Queensland over the next six years, before he departed for New South Wales by 1868. He was responsible for the design of many churches including the second St Stephens Roman Catholic Cathedral in Brisbane, additions to St Johns Pro-Cathedral in Brisbane, as well as many other smaller regional churches.</p><br>
<p>Despite the setback of severe damage during a thunder storm the church the building was officially opened on 23 August 1865 by Bishop Quinn, the first Roman Catholic Bishop of Brisbane. At this time the church was named the St Mary of the Assumption, now popularly shortened to St Mary&#39;s. This original building consisted of only the nave of the present church, with side entrances, not through porches, but simply accessing the body of the church directly. The roof of the building was slated or shingled. The contractor was CA Doran and the structure cost about £1500. The stone for the construction of the church was obtained from the Sidling Quarries, which were a small group of quarries in Warwick.</p><br>
<p>In 1865 Dr Cani was succeeded by Father Scortechini, who was soon after replaced by Father Hogan. By 1867 a Catholic school, run by the Misses OMara until the arrival of the Sisters of Mercy in 1874, was established in the church by the next parish priest, Father OReilly. The church was partitioned with calico screens, firstly to separate the sanctuary from the teaching area and, later to divide the teaching area into smaller rooms in the body of the church. O&#39;Reilly was replaced by Father McDonagh, who was the first resident priest, and after him in 1876 came Father James Horan who was to remain in Warwick until 1905. Horan was responsible for the completion of the church by 1894, when the transepts and chancel were added. By this time porches over the side entrances were also completed.</p><br>
<p>Monsignor Michael Potter was posted as a curate to Warwick in 1891, and continued there as the parish priest after Horans death in 1905. It was Potter who decided that the original St Marys Church was no longer adequate for the needs of his community. Thus he sought plans for the construction of a second larger church, further north on the same block in Palmerin Street. Local architects, Dornbusch and Connolly drew plans for the second St Mary&#39;s church which, like the original church, was to conform to a cruciform plan, but only the body has thus far been completed. The new church was constructed between 1920 and 1926, when it was officially opened.</p><br>
<p>After the opening of the new church, the original St Mary&#39;s was partitioned, lined and used as school rooms, for the Catholic primary school which began in the building in its earliest days. It has remained as a community meeting hall and store to this day.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former St Mary&#39;s Church is situated within the school grounds of the local Catholic primary school in Palmerin Street, Warwick.</p><br>
<p>The church is of solid sandstone construction, and conforms to a cruciform plan, with nave extending to the east, transepts to the north and south and chancel to the west. The sandstone, which is finely tooled, is generally coursed, with larger blocks used as quoining.</p><br>
<p>The church sits on a plinth, formed by a course of sandstone projecting slightly from the face of the walls. The corrugated iron roof is gabled and has overhanging eaves lined with wide timber beaded boarding which returns to the interior of the space.</p><br>
<p>The eastern entrance facade features a small gabled entrance porch, with a pointed arched opening formed with smooth-faced sandstone blocks. Buttressing is formed by extensions of the faces of both the porch and main body of the church, this detail is repeated on the transepts and western end of the building.</p><br>
<p>Above the porch is a rose window, of heavy tracery, with some early glass panels; above this is a ventilation opening in the form of a Latin Cross. Surmounting the apex of the gable is a carved stone Latin Cross.</p><br>
<p>The north and south, transverse elevation feature projecting side entrances and transepts, among regularly spaced single lancet window openings. The entrances from the sides of the church, feature pointed arched doorways on the eastern face, and single window openings of plate tracery, with small quatrefoil opening above. The transepts feature large rose windows in the gables.</p><br>
<p>The western, chancel, face of the church features a large geometric tracery opening, incorporating four lancet openings, two quatrefoils and a rose feature above.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the building retains very little of its ecclesiastical character, with the exception of the window openings. The walls are rendered, the floor carpeted and a ceiling of fibrous sheeting has been inserted. The space is divided into several smaller spaces with v-j boarding. The sandstone of church suffers from rising damp problems.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The first St Mary&#39;s Church was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The church is important in demonstrating the growth of Warwick during the 1860s when the town became the centre of an agricultural region. The church is able to demonstrate the spread of the catholic church through regional areas where substantial buildings were erected in the mid nineteenth century.</p><br>
<p>The former St Mary&#39;s church is associated with the early prominent Brisbane architect, Benjamin Backhouse.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The former St Mary&#39;s Church is rare as one of the earliest extant sandstone buildings in Warwick, and the earliest sandstone church.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The building is a good example of masonry church design of mid nineteenth century Queensland, influenced by the English revival of early Gothic architecture.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>It is a well composed and constructed stone building, with fine stone tracery.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The building has special associations with the Roman Catholic community in Warwick, as a former parish church and as the central focus of the catholic primary school since its construction in 1863-5.</p><br>
<p>The Harvey Wells House is a historic residence in the city of Wellston in the southern part of the USA state of Ohio. Built in 1883, it was the home of Harvey Wells, a local entrepreneur who founded the city of Wellston in the 1870s with the goal of making it into the region&#39;s leading metropolis. Located on the A Street Hill, the house occupies one of the highest points in the city of Wellston.</p><br>
<p>The Wells House is a frame structure two stories tall, constructed in a mix of the Victorian and the Italianate styles of architecture. Built on a foundation of sandstone, the house features weatherboarded exterior walls, an aluminum roof, and details of brick. Despite succeeding in his attempts to found a city in northeastern Jackson County and in rebuilding the community after it was afflicted by widespread fire in 1888, Harvey Wells was chronically deep in debt. After his death in 1896, the house was emptied of many of its contents, as his furniture had to be sold to reduce the debt that embarrassed his estate. He never owned the house or the land upon which it sits.</p><br>
<p>During the mid-2000s, a restoration program was started, due in part to an appropriation of $100,000 in the state government&#39;s 2005-2006 budget. The first phase of reconstruction, which consisted of basic preservation efforts and stabilization, was completed by the end of 2005. Plans were then approved for the second and third phases, consisting of exterior renovation and interior renovation respectively. Further work was performed under the leadership of architects specializing in historic preservation, starting in early 2010; the Wellston Historical Association commissioned this restoration in the hope of converting the property into a historic house museum. Besides necessary restorations, the contract also involved the addition of new elements, including an office, restrooms, a small porch, electrical wiring and plumbing, and central heating and air conditioning systems. Throughout this process, the Historical Association oversaw reconstruction efforts, with the property remaining in the ownership of the city of Wellston.</p><br>
<p>In 2009, the Harvey Wells House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, due to its significant place as the home of the city&#39;s founder. It is one of three Wellston buildings included on the Register, along with the Clutts House and the Morgan Mansion.</p><br>
<p>St. Michaels Hospital and Nurses Residence is a property in Grand Forks, North Dakota that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995. It was also known as St. Anne&#39;s Guest Home and denoted 32GF14, it was built or has other significance in 1907 and in 1913. It was designed and/or built by George Hancock and others. It includes Classical Revival architecture. When listed the property included two contributing buildings. The listing is for an area of 3.3 acre. The listing is described in its NRHP nomination document. and</p><br>
<p>The property is now known as "Riverside Manor". St. Anne&#39;s Guest Home relocated to North 17th Street in the 1981 because they were unable to comply with fire codes in the old building.</p><br>
<p>The building survived the 1997 Red River flood, but was nearly torn down to make way for new dikes. However, the USA Army Corps of Engineers was able to design a flood wall that would preserve the building.</p><br>
<p>In 2015 a $1.4 million renovation began, focusing on the bricks, roof, and windows. All 191 windows in the building were replaced.</p><br>
<p>Ostøya is an island in the western section of Oslofjord , within the borders of the municipality of Bærum. It is the second largest island in the Oslo basin, after Nesøya. It is adjacent to the municipal border with Asker, where Nesøya and Brønnøya are to its northwest and southwest, respectively. Within Bærum, Borøya is to the north, Kjeholmen to the northeast, and Grimsøya to the east. To the south is Gåsøya.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>At some point the island was split in two. The island is named after the farm that is situated on it. The etymology of Oust, or Ost is uncertain. O. Rygh claims the etymology is unknown but that the farm derives its name from the island&#39;s original name. Others speculate that it may have an Old Norse origin related to ouste, in the sense of claiming new land.</p><br>
<p>In 1396, the (pre-Reformation) diocese in Oslo was listed as the owner of farm (then spelled Ost) and the island, and by 1557 (after the Reformation) it was owned by the crown and spelled Oust. In 1791, the owner is listed as Hans Haagensen Tveter, and his descendants still own the main farm. In accordance with practice at the time, they also took the last name Oust. They successfully petitioned the minister at Haslum church for their own gravesite, citing the distance to the church and the need to quickly bury cholera victims.A royal grant was given.</p><br>
<p>In 1899 a significant portion of the island (Lille Oust) was sold for recreational summer houses.</p><br>
<h2>Nature reserve</h2><br>
<p>Two areas of the island have been set aside as nature reserves:</p><br>
<p>Oust naturreservat was established in 2002 and consists of 128,5 hectares,of which 5,5 hectares,is marineland.</p><br>
<p>Syd Oust naturreservat was established on June 27, 2008 and consists of 17 dunam, of which 7 dunam is on land.</p><br>
<h2>Golf and country club</h2><br>
<p>Oustøen Country Club was privately established in 1965 and has about 700 members. The golf course originally had nine holes, but was expanded to a full 18-hole golf course in 1995. The club house is based on the main farmhouse on the Oust farm. The original farmhouse from 1791 burned to the ground in 1998, but has been restored. There is a restaurant on the premises.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>The island is accessible only by sea. Aside from the main farm and country club, there are a few summer residences on the island, based on former tenant farms there. The island is within the postal code for Snarøya.</p><br>
<p>The Dnieper-Bug Estuary  is an open estuary, or liman, of two rivers: the Dnieper and the Southern Bug . It is located on the northern coast of the Black Sea and is separated from it by Kinburn Spit and the Cape of Ochakiv.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The estuary includes two parts: the wide Dnieper Estuary (55 km long, up to 17 km wide), and the narrower Bug Estuary (47 km long, from 5 to 11 km wide). The average depth is 6-7 m and the maximum depth 22 m.</p><br>
<p>The estuary is important for transport, recreation, and fisheries. The most important port is Ochakiv.</p><br>
<h2>Historical events</h2><br>
<p>The estuary was a naval battleground in the Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1792. The Siege of Ochakov was a key event in that war, and naval battles – which involved the Russian Dnieper Flotilla, John Paul Jones&#39;s deep-water fleet, and the Ottoman Navy – included the First Battle of the Liman on June 7, 1788, and the Second Battle of the Liman on June 16 and 17.</p><br>
<h2>Key landmarks</h2><br>
<p>The ruins of Pontic Olvia are located on the right bank of the Southern Bug (Boh River), right at its mouth.</p><br>
<p>There is an artificial island which is often mistaken for Berezan Island, but it is actually Pervomaisky Island.</p><br>
<p>Grand Forks Woolen Mills is a building located on the corner of Third Avenue North and North Third Street in Grand Forks, North Dakota, designed by architect John W. Ross.</p><br>
<p>The building, which is at the northern extremity of the historic commercial district, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was constructed at a cost of US$17,000 for a woolen mill business that had started to trade in 1892. It was situated on a 100 ft x 140 ft plot, which was a typical size for a development area in Grand Forks at that time. It was used for various processes involved in the conversion of wool to cloth, including carding, spinning, weaving, dyeing and sewing. It also contained offices and retail space. A historical survey observed that the building was "the object of intense pride... a local symbol of economic independence from Minnesota, and the focus of Grand Forks&#39; hopes of becoming a manufacturing center." The presence of the mill removed the necessity to ship wool to Minneapolis for conversion, and so it enabled both higher payments to local farmers for their raw materials and lower prices to consumers.</p><br>
<p>The woolen business, which at one point employed 75 people, was a fairly short-lived venture. It ceased operations some time between 1901 and 1906 as it became impossible for it to compete with larger enterprises such as the North Star Woolen Mill in Minneapolis, its Grand Forks location being too distant both from sufficient supplies of raw wool and from consumer markets.</p><br>
<p>A single-story extension was added on the northern aspect. In 1916 the building was gutted by fire. Following the fire, the one-story addition was destroyed. However, with the walls still standing, the main building was rebuilt using a fire-proof construction method in 1918 and at that point included a concrete floor. It was then used for many years as a garage for Hanson Ford.</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>Ihuatzio is an archeological site located at the southern slopes of "Cerro Tariaqueri", just north of the Ihuatzio town, in the Tzintzuntzan municipality, of Michoacán state.</p><br>
<p>The ancient site is some 7 kilometers south-east of Tzintzuntzan, on the south-eastern shore of the Lake Pátzcuaro. Human settlements vestiges are registered from two different occupational periods; the first occurred between 900 and 1200 CE, corresponding to Nahuatl language speaking groups; the second group corresponding to the maximum development reached by the Purépecha Culture, between 1200 and 1530 CE.</p><br>
<p>This archaeological site was built on an artificially leveled plateau, and it is considered very important, for the Michoacán prehispanic history, it was an astronomical observatory and ceremonial center. Although it is relatively small, the pyramids dedicated to "Curicaueri" and "Xaratanga" are remarkable. A sculpture representing a Chac Mool (Toltec culture characteristic element) was found; as well as a series of roads and walls surrounding the site.</p><br>
<p>The prehispanic settlement fully covers a low-lying plateau and kept a strategic location at the extreme west of the Lake and other dominant sites as Tzintzuntzan.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>According to the archeological evidence, there has been human habitation within the territory of Michoacán state for at least 10,000 years. In prehispanic times there were a number of migration waves into the area including the Pirinda, Nahua, Huetamo, Colima, Purépecha and other peoples. There are sites of formal settlements from all Mesoamerican period. Important sites include El Opeño and those in Curutarán, Tepalcatepec Apatzingán, Zinapécuaro and Coalcoman. The territory has been inhabited by the Nahuas, Otomis, Matlatzincas, Pirindas and Tecos as well as the Purépecha.</p><br>
<p>The main prehispanic civilization of the state is that of the Purépecha, which was centered in the Lake Pátzcuaro area. Before the 13th century, both Nahua and Purépecha peoples were here, sustaining themselves by agriculture and fishing. The Purépecha are descendants of a late arrival of Chichimecas who came from the north. At Lake Pátzcuaro, they came upon people with similar cultures to their own but who were more technically and socially advanced. The formation of the Purépecha state began in the 13th century, when these people started their own dominion at Uayameo, today Santa Fe de la Laguna and becoming dominant over the entire Lake Pátzcuaro area by the 15th century. Conquest of neighboring tribes and territories occurred between 1401 and 1450, absorbing peoples with different cultures and languages into the empire. By the late 15th century, this state rivaled that of the Aztecs, expanding their territory over much of what is now Michoacán and into part of Colima, Nayarit, Querétaro, Guanajuato, Guerrero and Jalisco. The Aztecs attempted to invade Purépecha but were repelled. This would later cause the Purépecha to deny the Aztecs aid in the defense of Tenochtitlan against the Spanish.</p><br>
<p>The history of Michoacán has been studied from archaeological remains and other historical resources, such as the literary work "Relación de Michoacán" written in 1542, and it is known that the first settlers of the state were several Chichimeca tribes which arrived in different epochs and consequently evolved differently.</p><br>
<p>The archeological sites found in the state, have helped clarify the history of the birth and development of ethnic groups which provided the essence of the Michoacán culture, dating back to the formative or Preclassical period (1500 to 200 BCE), the classical (800 BCE to 800 CE) and Postclassical (800 to 1000 CE), among whose sites are included: El Opeño, Curutarán, la Villita, Tepalcatepec, Apatzingán, Zinapécuaro, Coalcomán, San Felipe de los Alzati, Tzintzuntzan, Tingambato, Pátzcuaro, Zacapu, Uruapan, Tzitzio, etc.</p><br>
<p>The Michoacán territory was inhabited by the Purépecha people, which developed as a dominant culture and imposed their economic, religious, military and cultural hegemony to other ethnic groups who also inhabited the region, as the Nahua, Otomi, Matlatzincas or Pirindas and Tecos. In the region, in addition to the Tarascan or Purépecha language, Coacomeca, Xilotlazinca Colimote dialects, Pirinda, Mazahua, Sayulteco, Nahuatl and Teca were spoken.</p><br>
<p>The area has been inhabited at least since the early Pre-classic period. Early lithic evidence from before 2500 BC like fluted points and stone utensils are found at some Megafauna kill sites. The earliest radio-carbon dates of archeological sites fall around 1200 BC. The best known early preclassical culture of Michoacán was the Chupicuaro culture. Chupícuaro sites are mostly found on lake islands which can be seen as a sign of it having traits relating it to the later Tarascan cultural patterns. In the early Classical period, ballcourts and other artifacts demonstrate a Teotihuacan influence in the Michoacán region.</p><br>
<p>In Michoacán there are over 45 known archaeological sites although only seven are open to the public, among these are Tzintzuntzan, Ihuatzio and Tingambato, which represent the rich Purépecha culture, although it is known that remains of previous cultures are hidden under the bases of these and other ceremonial centers.</p><br>
<p>The Purépecha people dominated a large territory which includes the States of Michoacán, Guanajuato, Querétaro, part of Jalisco and Guerrero, was an indomitable race that resisted the onslaught of the Aztecs, who could never dominate them, however, and due to their astronomical predictions voluntarily submitted to the Spanish domain, willingly converting to Christianity.</p><br>
<h3>Toponymy</h3><br>
<p>The Ihuatzio name comes from the Purépecha language word Hihuatsi, that means "Coyotes Place".</p><br>
<p>From Information in the Relación de Michoacan, the place is also known by its Nahuatl name as Cuyacan or Cuyuacan (Coyoacan) and it is first mentioned when Tariácuri plans his attack to Tariaran.</p><br>
<h3>Lake Patzcuaro</h3><br>
<p>Lake Pátzcuaro lies in an endorheic basin, which does not drain to the sea. The Lake Pátzcuaro basin is of volcanic origin. At times it has been part of an open and continuous hydrological system formed by Lake Cuitzeo, Pátzcuaro and Lake Zirahuén, which drained into the Lerma River. Today, like lakes Cuitzeo and Zirahuén, it is a closed basin, although ecologists consider it a sub-basin of the Lerma-Chapala basin.</p><br>
<p>The Lake Pátzcuaro basin is home to the Purépecha people. Purépecha leaders established the basin as the heartland of the Tarascan state, which rivaled the Aztec Empire before the Spanish conquest. The towns of Ihuatzio, Tzintzuntzan and Pátzcuaro were important Tarascan centers.</p><br>
<h3>Purépecha language</h3><br>
<p>The Purépecha language, is an isolated language, which is not even provisionally related to any other language. Spoken in the State of Michoacán, near Lake Pátzcuaro and the Parícutin volcano. There are two major variants and perhaps 12 minors; the main language stream occurs between the Lake and the volcanic plateau. Speakers easily identify others origin from their speech, and even the village of origin. They are proud to continue speaking their native language, even if they live elsewhere. However, dialectal differences are relatively recent, and speakers consider all variants as part of the same language.</p><br>
<p>Theories about the Purépecha origin vary. Some say that they came from the north with the Aztecs; others claim they came from the south and perhaps related to the Quechua from Ecuador, Bolivia and Peru. While their language is isolated, it shares some features with the Zuni and quechua (perhaps not more than borrowed features).</p><br>
<p>Greenberg assigned it to the Chibchan language family, but this proposal was rejected by specialists. Statistical studies by Swadesh have suggested relationships to Zuñi, Quechua, Mayan and Aymara, but these conclusions remain unproven.</p><br>
<h3>Tarascan State</h3><br>
<p>The Tarascan state was a prehispanic Mesoamerican empire, roughly covering the geographic area of the present-day Mexican state of Michoacán. In Purépecha, language of the Purépecha, the name of the state was Iréchecua Tzintzuntzáni, the "lands of Tzintzuntzan".</p><br>
<p>The Purépecha were a nomadic group that arrived in the basin of Lake Pátzcuaro. Their place of origin is unknown; however, it is known that their food and livelihood depended on their hunter-gatherer activities. The main events of society tarascan are described in the aforementioned "Relacion de Michoacan&quot this 16th-century document mentions the Tarascan arrival at Zacapú, "Naranja de Tapia", where they established alliances through the marriage of Ireti-Ticátame ("guide and lord"), with a local woman. Later, they were forced to leave and headed towards the Patzcuaro Basin.</p><br>
<p>The people of the Tarascan empire were mostly of Purépecha ethnic affiliation but also included other earlier ethnic groups such as the Nahua, Otomi, Matlatzinca and Chichimec. These ethnic groups were gradually assimilated into the Purépecha majority group.</p><br>
<p>The Tarascan state was contemporary with and an enemy of the Aztec Empire, against which it fought many wars. The Tarascan Empire blocked Aztec expansion to the northwest, and the Tarascans fortified and patrolled their frontiers with the Aztecs, possibly developing the first truly territorial state of Mesoamerica.</p><br>
<p>Due to its relative isolation within Mesoamerica, the Tarascan state had many cultural traits completely distinct from those of the Mesoamerican cultural group. It is particularly noteworthy for being among the few Mesoamerican civilizations to use metal for tools and ornamentation.</p><br>
<p>In the late mesoamerican classical period, at least two non Purépecha ethnic groups lived around Lake Pátzcuaro: Nahuatl speakers in Jarácuaro, and some Chichimecan cultures on the northern banks, with the Nahua population being the second largest.</p><br>
<h3>First Occupation</h3><br>
<p>A number of Nahua-speaking groups arrived to the area during the first stage. They already possessed a rudimentary food-production technology and probably had a sedentary mindset. Abundant food resources and other natural conditions were a determining factor in the formation and sustenance of the area&#39;s dense population. By the time of the second stage, the Tarascan group took control of a vast territory, settling in the Pátzcuaro watershed and setting up a tributary system based on their overwhelming military strength. Together with Tzintzuntzan and Pátzcuaro, Ihuatzio figured among the most important Tarascan settlements.</p><br>
<p>According to archaeologist Efraín Cárdenas, from archaeological evidence, the first occupation is tentatively chronologically located at between 900 and 1200 CE, corresponding to Nahuatl speaking groups.</p><br>
<h3>Second Occupation</h3><br>
<p>During the second period the site is occupied by the Purépecha culture, according to archaeologist Efraín Cárdenas.</p><br>
<p>The second occupation period, chronologically placed at between 1200 and 1530 CE, corresponds to Tarascan domain, of the Lake Pátzcuaro basin and almost all the northern part of the State of Michoacán.</p><br>
<p>It is very difficult to establish the site construction chronology exclusively from archaeological data. The "Relación de Michoacán" mentions that upon the death of Tariácuri, the most outstanding character of narration, the political and religious power he had was divided into three lordships: Pátzcuaro, Ihuatzio and Tzintzuntzan. These were governed by three major characters: his youngest son Huiquingaje and nephews Hiripan and Tangaxoan.</p><br>
<p>This transcendental event of Tarascan (Purépecha) military and political development was described by Jerónimo de Alcalá testimony as follows:</p><br>
<p>This event is very important to understand the growth and development of Ihuatzio, because of the initiative always shown by Hiripan during conquests, power again concentrated, but not in a particular person, but in a certain space: Ihuatzio. Radiocarbon dating place the site between 1510 and 1575 CE.</p><br>
<h3>Investigations</h3><br>
<p>The first reference of existence of archaeological vestiges in this place goes back to 1799 from a Bravo Ugarte description, who contributed information about the constructive system, mentioning that it reflected a low technological level since lime and sand were not used; nevertheless, he made references to large site dimensions.</p><br>
<p>Later, in 1855 friar Pedro Beaumont, in the Michoacán Chronicle, displays the first map of the Pátzcuaro Lake basin, with indication of the most important Tarascan establishments. Beaumont refers to Ihuatzio as one of the main tarascan establishments of the Pátzcuaro Lake basin.</p><br>
<p>In 1929, Marquina for the first time made a survey of the site surface, describing and making sketches of the rectangular base structures. According to him, Ihuatzio is composed of two main groups: a platform oriented north-south 400 meters long by 300 wide. This platform is delimited by wide walls remains. On its center there are 3 yácatas facing east. To the north of this platform is another one of smaller dimensions (300 by 180 meters) oriented east-west, also limited on its larger sides by tall staggered walls 10 meters wide that form a 223 by 147 meters plaza. This plaza has two rectangular structures, also facing east, seated on a common 87 by 37.5 meters platform.</p><br>
<p>Between 1937 and 1938, Caso and Acosta performed excavations, release and consolidation works of the base rectangular structures took place. During these works the Chacmool was found, a ritual element that denotes a cultural contact with Toltec sites such as Tula where this archaeological element constitutes a distinguishing characteristic.</p><br>
<p>The site was opened to the public in 1937–1938, although a visitor’s register only started in 1994.</p><br>
<h3>History</h3><br>
<p>Historically speaking, Ihuatzio is mentioned as one of the three heads of the Purépecha or Tarascan Empire at the time when the group consolidated.</p><br>
<p>The activities performed by the Tarascan or P’urépechas at this site, were related to the economic and social organization of the different sectors of the prehispanic society and to activities of ritual and ceremonial character. This is deduced from archaeological findings, as well as written data available from sources during the Spanish conquest. These sources are; the Michoacán Chronicle, the Jucutacato canvas and the ceremonies and rites relation of population and government of the Indians of the province of Michoacán (simply known as Relation of Michoacán).</p><br>
<p>As noted, Tariácuri explained to his nephews how they will attack the town of Hiuacha (Tariaran), and how Hiripan will become king of Cuyacan, Tangaxoan of Mechuacan (Tzintzuntzan) and his son Hiquingaje in Pátzcuaro. By then Hiripan, Tangaxoan and Hiquingaje had been living for some time in Tzintzuntzan. Hiripan spied on his enemies from the Tariacaherio hill, north of Ihuatzio, and there Curicaueri appeared before him on a dream and warned him that he will be king. When the Chichimeca attacked the Pacandan Isle people to obtain the first captives to be sacrificed in the Querétaro temple, Tariácuri orders his nephews to go to harata Hiuazi and Yuazi xanchacuyo from where they will attack the islanders, while working in farming lands near the shore of the lake (in a place called Araueni). It is possible that both sites were in or near what later would be Ihuatzio.</p><br>
<p>When Tariácuri dies, Hiripan follows his uncle orders, three kingdoms are formed and he constructed a house in Cuyacan. Later, when they begin to organize the territory that has been conquered, they decide to construct in Cuyacan a house for the God Curicaueri and to keep treasures obtained in the conquests there. From then on Cuyacan becomes the head of the kingdom. Hiripan was buried in Cuyacan and his son Ticatame succeeded him. During his reign, the head of the kingdom was transferred to Tzintzuntzan to where Zizispandaquare (son of Tangaxoan) moved Curicaueri together with the treasure.</p><br>
<p>In spite of having lost their position, Cuyacan continued being an important site. When they went to war, the Cuyacan lord was the one who harangued the soldiers and when they chose a new cazonci, he was one of the members of the group that met to discuss who would be the next king. In fact, Zinzicha considered Paquingata, lord of Cuyacan as a possible Cazonci, but he refused. Paquingata was grandson of Ticatame and son of Tucuruan.</p><br>
<h2>The site</h2><br>
<p>Architecturally speaking, Ihuatzio is one of the most extensive and complex sites of the State of Michoacán. The archaeological remains are distributed in an approximate area of 50 hectares.</p><br>
<p>Unfortunately, as in most Mexican archaeological sites, not every area of monuments has been explored and therefore are only partially open to the public; the only sector that can be visited is known as "Plaza de Armas", where rectangular base pyramidal structures are located, placed on an also rectangular platform.</p><br>
<p>The prehispanic settlement fully covers a low-lying plateau and keeps a strategic location at the extreme west of the Lake and other dominant sites as Tzintzuntzan. It is possible that Ihuatzio controlled this portion of the basin.</p><br>
<p>This site contains the best preserved monuments of the Michoacán Kingdom civilization depicting its greatness: a pyramid which served the natives as the main square; remains of a tower or fortress that was built (according to an ancient tradition) by the founder of the city in prehispanic times; some yácatas or kings tombs which have, where idols, decorations, weapons and vessels were uncovered; a well-constructed street or road, called Querendaro that served to communicate with Tzintzuntzan to the north.</p><br>
<h3>Structures</h3><br>
<p>The characteristic features of the Ihuatzio archaeological site are defensive-walls and walled roads. The first constitute a communication system between the main groups of constructions and access points to the site at prehispanic times. The second element, the roads, constitutes an interior road system, only that their functions could be diverse, as serving as a defense wall and limiting accesses to the site as well as internal communication.</p><br>
<h4>Plaza de Armas</h4><br>
<p>The Plaza de Armas is a huge rectangular, graded area bordered on the north and south ends by structures called wall-causeways which were used as roads. Ceremonial activities, rituals, and festivities were celebrated in the different parts of this square. Yet there is the possibility that some economic activities, such as marketing and exchange of goods, were also carried out here. It is even believed that it was sometimes used as a ball court playing field, as well.</p><br>
<p>The area open to the public, consists of a large quadrangular space bordered by two elements called "uatziris" (or Huatziris) by local people. These elements are wide staggered walls in both sides; access to the top side was by an embedded stairway. At the western end of the plaza a rectangular 1.5 meter high platform was placed on which two plinths were constructed, these are described next.</p><br>
<h4>Yácatas</h4><br>
<p>Three Yácatas are located on a large plaza, south of the "Plaza de Armas", which is not yet open to the public. These buildings, whose foundation combines a rectangle with a semicircle, are characteristic of some purépecha sites of the 15th and 16th centuries. It had a stairway embedded in the center of the rectangular body. These three yácatas face west, on the semicircular part of their bodies, precisely in front of one of the mentioned wall-roads and constitute the communication system between the main building groups and the access points to the site at prehispanic times.</p><br>
<p>The Yácatas which once fully covered the structures but have since weathered completely. Some vestiges can be seen on the east face of rectangular structure no. 1.</p><br>
<h4>Huatziri</h4><br>
<p>The Huatziris or walled causeway (Muro-Calzada), is a most infrequent element in western Mexico&#39;s archaeology. It consists of a structure built with a system similar to that used in the rectangular buildings, namely, a rock and earth core covered by stone slabs. It displays a stuccoed-upper part, stepped tiers, and an average height of seven feet. It surrounds a large part of the settlement and had the dual function of road and entrance control.</p><br>
<p>The top of the wall was also finished and has staggered bodies, but it is smaller than the "Calzada del Rey" walls, described below, it measures 2.5 meters high average; this wall surrounds a large part of the settlement and had a double function, it served for roadway and also as a defensive element.</p><br>
<h4>Platform</h4><br>
<p>It is of rectangular base, constructed with a dirt and stone nucleus, covered with stone slabs without cement. Finishing was with stone xanamu carved blocks, of which only some samples are left. It measures 87 meters long; 37.5 wide and 1.5 high. The following structures were built on top.</p><br>
<h4>Pyramidal Foundations</h4><br>
<p>These are two structures laid out east-west with stairways facing east. The construction consisted of a basalt stone nucleus, covered with stone slabs staggered walls, making up 11 bodies, finishing also consisted of Xanamu slabs. There are only remains of the stairways. Between these two structures there is a 1.65 meters wide passageway, where excavations unearthed human skeletons and the Chac-Mool sculpture.</p><br>
<h4>Calzada del Rey</h4><br>
<p>The "King Road" is a characteristic feature of this site, unique in prehispanic architecture not only of Michoacán but also of Western Mexico, are enormous constructions of approximately 250 meters long by 20 wide and more than 5 meters high, which are conformed by several overlaid bodies and located in the west and south sectors of the site. There is a flattened dirt floor on top, and are delimited by two small protective walls for pedestrian use. From their shape and displayed distribution in the landscape and because of the spaces that are communicated, it is assumed that they served as walkways used to transport the "Cazonzi" (purépecha or tarascan name for the king) from the ceremonial center to different points of the site.</p><br>
<h4>Mirador</h4><br>
<p>The south sector has another unique element, it consists of a circular base construction, cylinder shaped. This building, exclusive of the Ihuatzio archaeological site, does not display a well-defined access point and its precise function is not known. Nevertheless, given its strategic location, it is supposed it served as a cosmos observatory or viewpoint. The only certain fact is that there are no other similar structures in all of Michoacán, or registered sites in Guanajuato and Jalisco states.</p><br>
<h2>Other Purépecha archaeological sites</h2><br>
<p>El Cerrito</p><br>
<p>El Torito</p><br>
<p>La Plataforma</p><br>
<p>Ranchito del Tecolote</p><br>
<p>San Pedro Cucuchucho</p><br>
<p>Yacatecharo</p><br>
<p>El Opeño</p><br>
<p>Curutarán</p><br>
<p>Tepalcatepec</p><br>
<p>Apatzingán</p><br>
<p>Zinapécuaro</p><br>
<p>Coalcoman</p><br>
<p>The territory was also inhabited by the Nahuas, Otomis and Matlatzinca</p><br>
<p>The Glacier Noir  is a glacier in the Massif des Écrins in the French Alps. It is located in the département of Hautes-Alpes.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Of all the great glaciers in the Oisans region, the Glacier Noir is the one that descends furthest into the valley. This is thanks to favourable topography and the fact that the lower tongue of the glacier is entirely covered with ablation moraine. As a result, it is better screened from direct sunshine than, for example, its neighbour, the Glacier Blanc ("white glacier").</p><br>
<p>Until at least 1866 the Glacier Noir and Glacier Blanc were combined into a single glacial systemAccording to other sources the separation of the Glacier Blanc and the Glacier Noir occurred in 1876, c.f. above the Pré de Madame Carle. But whilst the foot of the Glacier Blanc has retreated today to a height of around, the snout of the Glacier Noir descends a further 200 metres in height to about.</p><br>
<p>A glacier covered in moraine debris is generally referred to in French as a glacier noir.See</p><br>
<p>The Glacier Noir is fed from two high-altitude firn basins. The northern branch (branche septentrionale) is in turn fed from the bowl below the Col des Avalanches, at the foot of Pic Coolidge and the Barre des Écrins, the southwesternmost four-thousander of the Alps. From here it flows below the south face of the Crête de lEncoula (also: Crête de lEncula), a crest that runs from the Barre to the Pointe du Serre Subeyran. The great majority of the rubble that covers the lower section of the glacier is transported from its northern branch.</p><br>
<p>The southern branch (branche méridionale) originates between the faces of the Ailefroide and Pic Coolidge, below the Col de Coste Rouge and the Col de la Temple. The steep north faces of the Ailefroide, Pic du Coup de Sabre and Pic Sans Nom tower 1,000 to 1,500 metres above the glacier. The arête, which runs over these peaks eastwards to Mont Pelvoux, is also called the Grand Muraille du Glacier Noir. Five summits along this crest (Ailefroide Central, Pointe Fourastier, Pic Sans Nom, Pointe Puiseux and Pointe Durand) exceed the 3,900 metre mark. On its left-hand side, the southern branch of the glacier is bounded by the eastern foothills of Pic Coolidge. Hemmed in between these two faces, the firn stream flows initially northeastwards before swinging north just before the two ice streams merge. Rubble first appears on the surface of the southern glacial branch in large quantities in its lower reaches.</p><br>
<p>The two ice streams of the Glacier Noir merge at a height of over. However, the southern arm is about to retreat over the boundary between the lower basin and upper bowl, which will separate the glacier into distinct lower and upper sections. Currently the combined tongue of ice flows from its junction, descending another good 200 metres in height, and ends beneath the northern foothills of Mont Pelvoux. It is about 400 metres wide at this point and a high and steep lateral moraine towers over it on the left-hand (northern) side, across which a climbing path runs from the Pré de Madame Carle, above the village of Ailefroide.</p><br>
<p>Measurements are more difficult than on other glaciers as a result of the covering of moraine. In 1965 the glacier was about 5.5 km long from head to snout and had an area of just under 6 km². Due to its covering of moraine, variations in these dimensions are less than those of other glaciers of similar size that are not so covered.</p><br>
<p>The meltwaters of the Glacier Noir pass down the Torrent du Glacier Noir, the Gyr, the Gyronde, the Durance and finally the Rhône into the Mediterranean Sea.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The glacier may be easily reached on foot from the hut of Refuge Cézanne at the Pré de Madame Carle, where the road from the climber&#39;s village of Ailefroide ends in the Vallouise at a large car park. Initially following the path to the Refuge du Glacier Blanc, it bears left where the paths fork and reaches the lateral moraine of the glacier on which there is a route high above the glacier on that side.</p><br>
<p>From La Bérarde, another alpinist centre in the Écrins Massif, the Col de la Temple offers a high, but comparatively easy crossing into the Vallouise for experienced glacier walkers. The climbing path runs over the southern branch of the Glacier Noir and then makes for the junction of both glacial arms before crossing the northern branch to the lateral moraine on the opposite side. The Refuge Temple-Écrins in the Haut Vénéon may be used as a base.</p><br>
<h2>Historic development</h2><br>
<p>As already mentioned, the Glacier Noir and Glacier Blanc used to form a single glacial system. During the Small Ice Age the combined ice mass reached its maximum extent in 1815 and ended roughly at the height of the present-day Cézanne Hut. About a kilometre further down the valley is the old terminal moraine of Fontfroide, relic of an advance of the Glacier Noir and Glacier Blanc from the time before the 16th century. After the retreat of the glacier vegetation gradually returned on the flat river meadows and created the majestic landscape of the Pré de Madame Carle.</p><br>
<p>The Anglican Church of St Margaret in Queen Charlton, Somerset, England dates from the late 12th century. It has been designated by English Heritage as a Grade II* listed building. It is within the civil parish of Compton Dando, but the ecclesiastical parish of Keynsham and the Diocese of Bath & Wells.</p><br>
<p>The church was attached to Keynsham Abbey but also had its own collection of ecclesiastical buildings around 1200.</p><br>
<p>The building was altered in the 13th century and restored in the 15th. It was originally cruciform, but only the north transept remains.</p><br>
<p>The central tow-stage tower is supported by diagonal buttresses are topped with a parapet with pierced arcading surrounded by pinnacles and gargoyles. It has a polygonal stair tower on the north east corner. Beneath the tower at the crossing at four arches with attached Norman pillars.</p><br>
<p>In front of the church is a late medieval cross on the village green. It was previously sited further east of its current location but was moved as part of the celebrations for the Jubilee of Queen Victoria.</p><br>
<p>The Peoples Palace is a heritage-listed building and a former temperance hotel in the Brisbane CBD, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It is located at 308 Edward Street on the southern corner with Ann Street, diagonally opposite to Brisbanes Central Railway Station.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Commandant Herbert Booth of the Salvation Army first proposed a Peoples Palace for Brisbane in July 1899, following the success of the Peoples Palace in Sydney. However, the original vision was for intended as a refuge or shelter accommodation.</p><br>
<p>The Peoples Palace was built in 1910–1911 by the Salvation Army as a temperance hotel to provide inexpensive "working class" accommodation for travellers. It was designed by the Lieutenant-Colonel Saunders, the Salvation Armys architect and secretary for property affairs. It was situated across the road from the Temperance Hall operated by the Brisbane Total Abstinence Society. The Peoples Palace comprised three floors of accommodation with 130 rooms, a service basement and a rooftop garden.Construction commenced in March 1910 under Saunders personal supervision.</p><br>
<p>The concept of temperance hotels grew out of the temperance movement and the Peoples Palace was the first of its type in Queensland. No alcohol, gambling or "other evils" were permitted on the premises.</p><br>
<p>Although not quite complete, the hotel was decorated with bright flags and hangings to celebrate Coronation Day (22 June 1911), the coronation of King George V.</p><br>
<p>The hotel was officially opened on 27 June 1911. It was under the control of Major Wilson assisted by Ensign John McLean. It was popular with travellers to Brisbane due to its convenient location to the Brisbane&#39;s Central railway station. The building also was the Queensland headquarters for the Social Wing of the Salvation Army.</p><br>
<p>In 1913 extensions were undertaken which involved adding an extra two storeys. This created a building of such height that special fire safety measured were imposed. Despite this, many years later, to meet modern fire standards, a set of brick fire stairs had to be added.</p><br>
<p>In 1929, the Canberra Temperance Hotel operated by the Queensland Prohibition League (later the Queensland Temperance League) opened on the site of the old Temperance Hall.</p><br>
<p>In the early morning of Thursday 20 January 1938, an electrical wire started a fire and burned out the upper storey. Fortunately the damage was covered by insurance.</p><br>
<p>Renovations and internal re-arrangements continued over the decades as uses and priorities changed. The building operated as a temperance hotel until 1979. After that, it was leased out as budget accommodation, used as Salvation Army offices and most recently operated as a backpacker hostel. Recently, the Salvation Army has established its headquarters on the site and the building is now primarily used as offices.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>This large Federation style building is a predominantly red brick structure with painted cement rendered trimmings, decorative cast iron work, and a corner tower.</p><br>
<p>The plan form is that of a hollow rectangle, with the central opening providing light and air to the rooms. It comprises five storeys plus a basement, and additions above the roof line, it has continuous verandahs on three levels, while the fourth has a steeply pitched roof with red tiles in a diamond pattern punctuated by dormer windows.</p><br>
<p>The roof level comprises a steeply pitched roof with red tiles arranged in a diamond pattern and dormer windows. The corner octagonal tower, marking the main entrance, has a bell-shaped roof with small dormers in each roof segment. Adjacent to the tower is a polygonal brick lift tower.</p><br>
<p>The verandah&#39;s feature decorative cast iron balustrades and friezes with timber posts and handrails. The semi-circular arched and circular windows to the tower have cream painted cement render dressings to contrast with the red brick.</p><br>
<p>Internally the rectangular courtyard has been divided into two by the insertion of a modern brick fire stair. The hipped roof with clerestory remains above the basement dining saloon in the northern courtyard. This is now used as office space but its original entry doors remain. Pressed metal ceilings remain in many sections of the building. The upper levels have not been refurbished, but the partitioning of the lower levels is not original. The original lift with its sliding doors, timber panelling and surrounding stairwell remains beside the entry foyer.</p><br>
<p>Its very distinctive appearance derives from the extensive use of decorative cast iron work for the balustrades of its verandahs and from the contrast of the cream-coloured render against the red brick on the upper part of the tower. Being situated on a hill on a busy intersection, it is one of Brisbane&#39;s most recognisable buildings.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>People&#39;s Palace was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Peoples Palace is significant as a rare example of a purpose built temperance hotel, it demonstrates rare and uncommon aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The building demonstrates the principal characteristics of a Federation building.</p><br>
<p>The Peoples Palace is important in exhibiting aesthetic characteristics valued by the community in particular, it is a fine example of a Federation brick and render building with the corner entry tower and decorative cast iron work on the verandahs.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Peoples Palace is important in exhibiting aesthetic characteristics valued by the community in particular, it is a fine example of a Federation brick and render building with the corner entry tower and decorative cast iron work on the verandahs.</p><br>
<p>The Peoples Palace is significant as a prominent landmark on the corner of Ann and Edward Street with its corner tower being one of a series along Ann Street.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The building is important for as it has special association with the work of the Salvation Army since 1911, an organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Perumal Eri Perumal Nayakan Eri is a major fresh water lake in the Cuddalore district of Tamil Nadu, India.</p><br>
<p>Location: The Perumal Nayakan aeri is located almost 07 km from Allapakam,at latitude/longitude N 11.56667 E 79.68333 is the second largest lake of Cuddalore district.</p><br>
<p>History: when Cuddalore was under the Madurai Nayakars domine Cuddalore (Perumal Nayakan Palayam) was a range among the five ranges of its capital Tiruchirappalli.(Udayar Palayam,marungapuri,Ariyalur,Cuddalore,..etc).it is expected that the lake was excavated during the rule of permal Nayakar at his Palayam as a step towards rain water conservation management. Note: the Perumal Nayakan Palayam (a) PN Palayam is located at Panruti Taluk near Cuddalore.</p><br>
<p>Irrigation: Perumal Nayakan aeri&#39;s irrigation covers around 1000 acres of agricultural land. villages includes from puduchatram, Allapakam, thirthanagiri, thaanur, samba Reddi Palayam, aayi Thurai, meetu Palayam, Pundiaan Kuppam, aathi Narayanapuram,etc...</p><br>
<p>Whaleback is a ski area located in Enfield, New Hampshire, United States. As of 2016, after several bankruptcies over previous decades, it is operated by a non-profit organization called the Upper Valley Snow Sports Foundation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The ski area dates to 1956, when a small slope called Snow Crest Ski Area was developed by Lebanon Outing Club ski jumping champion Ernest Dion. It had a 1,500 ft T-bar and a 600 ft rope tow for novices.</p><br>
<p>Snow Crest closed in 1968 and reopened in 1970 as Whaleback Ski Area. It operated continuously until 2001 when then-owner Timothy Herbert closed it. On 8 December 2004, Herbert sold Whaleback to Evan Dybvig, a former freestyle skier for the US Ski Team. Dybvig intended for the ski area to diversify its offerings into the freestyle sports market, including constructing an indoor sports facility. However, after several investors dropped out of the project, and a planned loan from the Small Business Administration failed to materialize, these plans were dropped. During the areas first two seasons, poor weather hurt it financially, leading to a program announced in August 2006 where individuals could pay to either place a plaque on or paint one of the chairs on Whalebacks chairlift. As of 2010, the ski area employed between five and nine employees, and had a revenue of between $500,000 and $1 million per year.</p><br>
<p>On 14 March 2013, Whaleback announced that high debt had led the mountain to close after the 2012-2013 season.</p><br>
<p>During the summer of 2013, a local non-profit organization, the Upper Valley Snow Sports Foundation (UVSSF), was established to operate and eventually purchase the mountain. An initial round of fundraising raised about $200,000, enough to reopen Whaleback for the 2013-2014 season. The UVSSF signed an agreement with the owner of the property, Randolph National Bank, to operate the ski area for a year, and purchased it in 2013 for $650,000. It is seeking to raise money to purchase a second parcel adjoining the ski area.</p><br>
<h2>Mountain statistics</h2><br>
<p>Whaleback has 30 trails on 85 acre of skiable terrain. 28% of the trails are rated as easy, 39% are intermediate and the remainder are advanced. There are three lifts: a double chair, a magic carpet and a rope tow. The mountain&#39;s base elevation is at 1,100 ft, and the summit is at 1,800 ft, for a vertical drop of 700 ft. Whaleback has an average annual snowfall of 110 in.</p><br>
<p>LOisans is a region in the French Alps, located in the départements of lIsère and Hautes-Alpes, and corresponding to the drainage basin of the River Romanche and its tributaries . Between Livet-et-Gavet and Le Bourg-dOisans, the Romanche forms a deep gorge.</p><br>
<p>Its geographical definition coincides almost exactly with the former cantons of Le Bourg-d&#39;Oisans (Isère) and La Grave (Hautes Alpes).</p><br>
<p>The Oisans covers parts of the massifs of Belledonne, Taillefer, Grandes Rousses, Arves and Écrins.</p><br>
<p>The highest point in the region is the mountain of Pic Lory, a subpeak of the Barre des Écrins which reaches a height of 4,088 metres, but the most symbolic peak is la Meije which is nicknamed the "Queen of the Oisans".</p><br>
<p>The Oisans is a remarkable territory, thanks to its numerous mountain chains, valleys, rivers, streams and plains.</p><br>
<p>The Oisans is a very touristic region, both for winter and summer sports. Oisans regularly hosts the Tour de France as well as many major sporting events on a European scale (Super-Biker, World of Snowboarding, Skiing World, the Bike Festival, Andros Trophy or the Criterium Cyclist of Dauphiné Libéré).</p><br>
<p>The provincial road 1091 (formerly RN 91) is the main access road into this area, beginning in the town of Livet-et-Gavet. In recent years, the RD1091 has been significantly upgraded, with various ring roads that provide faster access and more enjoyable access to the Oisans.</p><br>
<p>The town of Bourg d&#39;Oisans is the equivalent of the capital of this territory because this town is at the centre of six valleys.</p><br>
<p>The other main towns are Livet-et-Gavet, Bourg d&#39;Oisans and Huez.</p><br>
<h2>Winter sport resorts</h2><br>
<p>LAlpe dHuez</p><br>
<p>Les Deux Alpes</p><br>
<p>Auris-en-Oisans</p><br>
<p>la Grave - la Meije</p><br>
<p>Villard-Reculas</p><br>
<p>Oz-en-Oisans</p><br>
<p>Le Col d&#39;Ornon</p><br>
<p>Mont-de-Lans</p><br>
<p>Vaujany</p><br>
<p>La Garde-en-Oisans</p><br>
<p>Venosc</p><br>
<h2>Villages in Oisans</h2><br>
<p>Le Bourg-d&#39;Oisans</p><br>
<p>Livet-et-Gavet</p><br>
<p>Allemond</p><br>
<p>Le Freney-d&#39;Oisans</p><br>
<p>Mizoen</p><br>
<p>Clavans-en-Haut-Oisans</p><br>
<p>Oulles</p><br>
<p>Ornon</p><br>
<p>Saint-Christophe-en-Oisans</p><br>
<p>Besse-en-Oisans</p><br>
<p>Villard-Notre-Dame</p><br>
<p>Villard-Reymond</p><br>
<p>Villar-d&#39;Arêne</p><br>
<p>Huez</p><br>
<p>Venosc</p><br>
<p>La Grave</p><br>
<p>Vaujany</p><br>
<p>La Garde</p><br>
<p>The River Fiddich  is a right bank tributary of the River Spey in northeast Scotland. It rises on the eastern slopes of Corriehabbie Hill in Glenfiddich Forest and flows northeastwards beneath the A941 road, past Auchindoun Castle to a sharp bend adjacent to the A920 road where it turns westwards to flow to Dufftown. The Fiddich is joined on the eastern edge of the town by the Dullan Water which drains Glen Rinnes. Their combined waters then flow generally northwestwards, passing beneath the B9014 road near Balvenie Castle and then the A95 at Craigellachie immediately before meeting the Spey.</p><br>
<p>The headwaters of the Dullan Water, the Burn of Favat and the Corryhabbie Burn, meet at Milltown of Laggan before flowing as the Dullan, northeastwards to Dufftown. There are distilleries adjacent to both rivers, notably that producing Glenfiddich whisky.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The name derives from that of an ancient province of Pictland by the name of Fidach. Fida may have been a pre-Gaelic personal name.</p><br>
<p>The River Nethy  is a right bank tributary of the River Spey in northeast Scotland. It rises as the Garbh Allt between Cairn Gorm and A&#39; Chòinneach on the northern slopes of the Cairngorms and flows northwards through Strath Nethy and into Abernethy Forest. Passing through Nethy Bridge where the B970 road crosses the river and gives its name to the village, the Nethy turns northwestward before entering the Spey at Broomhill. Numerous burns feed the Nethy, the most significant of which is the Dorback Burn which enters from its right bank a mile above Nethy Bridge.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The name &#39;Nethy&#39; may be either Gaelic or pre-Gaelic in origin. It is considered to be cognate with the river names Nidd (in North Yorkshire), Nith (in Dumfries and Galloway) and Neath (in South Wales) and arises from a supposed nido meaning &#39;gleaming&#39;.</p><br>
<p>The River Feshie  is a major right bank tributary of the River Spey in northeast Scotland. It rises in the remote countryside of the Glenfeshie Forest, flowing initially eastwards before turning sharply to the northwest as a result of the capture of the waters of Geldie Burn. After gaining the waters of the River Eidart on its right bank and dropping down into Glen Feshie, it flows northwards through the wooded glen and is often braided in nature. It is joined by several burns which descend steeply from the Cairngorm plateau to the east and, on its left bank, by the Allt Chomhraig near Balachroick. The river passes beneath the B970 road at Feshiebridge and after a further 1.5 miles  it joins the Spey near the village of Kincraig.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The name of the river and the glen which it occupies derives from the Gaelic faith meaning &#39;boggy place&#39; and isidh signifying &#39;pasture land&#39;.</p><br>
<p>The River Druie  is a right bank tributary of the River Spey in northeast Scotland. The Druie tributary, Am Beanaidh emerges from Loch Einich, and flows north through Gleann Einich. To its east, the Allt Drùidh flows northeastwards out of the Lairig Ghru. At their confluence in Rothiemurchus Forest some 4 miles  southeast of Aviemore, the Druie is born. Their combined waters flow as the River Druie beneath the Cairngorm Club Footbridge and on to meet the waters of the River Luineag immediately above the bridge carrying the B970 road over the river at Coylumbridge. The Druie flows a further 1.5 miles  past Inverdruie to meet the Spey at the southern end of Aviemore. The Luineag emerges from Loch Morlich within the Glenmore Forest Park and receives all the drainage from the northern slopes of Cairn Gorm.</p><br>
<p>The River Tromie  is a right bank tributary of the River Spey in northeast Scotland. It emerges from the northern end of Loch an t-Seilich within the Gaick Forest and flows northwards, then northwestwards down through Glen Tromie to Bhran Cottage where it turns to the northnortheast. It is bridged by the B970 road at Tromie Bridge near Drumguish and flows a further 1.25 miles  northwest to meet the Spey near Lynchat.</p><br>
<p>Loch an t-Seilich is fed by the Allt Loch an Duin which arises at Loch an Duin and passes through Loch Bhrodainn on its way north to Loch an t-Seilich, being joined on its right by the Allt Gharbh Ghaig before it does so.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The name &#39;Tromie&#39; is an anglicisation of the Gaelic word for &#39;elder tree&#39;.</p><br>
<p>The River Calder  is a left bank tributary of the River Spey in the Scottish Highlands. Its headwaters are the an t-Allt Ballach, Allt an Lochain Dubh and Allt Madagain which drain the mountain slopes at the southeastern corner of the Monadhliath. Their waters are added to by those of the Allt Fionndraigh and Allt a&#39; Chaorainn dropping down into Glen Banchor from the north. The river turns southeastwards and skirts the western edge of Newtonmore, running beneath the A86 road before joining the Spey at Spey Bridge.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The name &#39;Calder&#39; may signify &#39;hard&#39; or &#39;rapid water&#39; from the Brythonic words caled and dobhar. Alternatively, it may be connected with the Gaelic callaidh meaning &#39;hazel&#39;.</p><br>
